| A | B |
|---|
| Erasmus | humanist author of "the praise of folly" |
| Shakespeare | English playwright of comedies, tragedies and histories |
| Michelangelo | Renaissance sculptor and painter. Known for the Dacid and Sistine Chapel Frescoes |
| Leonardo da Vinci | renaissance artist, painter of Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| John Calvin | protestant reformer who believed in predestination, and established a theocracy in switzerland |
| Martin Luther | ist leader of the protestant reformation, posted the 95 theses criticizing the Catholic church |
| Henry VIII | protestant reformer who started the anglican church, because the pope refused to grant him a divorce |
| Elizabeth I | expanded the anglican church through the book of comon prayer |
| Hapsburgs | powerful family of catholic monarchs that dominated Europe and supported the pope during the 30 years' war |
| Cardinal Richelieu | French political advisor who supported the protestant side during the 30 years' war changin the focus of the war from religious to political |
| Jesuits | "scoiety of jesus" helped gain converts for the catholic church during the counter reformation |
| Gutenberg | inventor of the printing press |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who first reached India by sailing around Africa |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese noble who established a school for navigators |
| Christopher Columbus | Sailing for spain he is credited with the European discovery of the new world |
| Magellan | Sailed for spain, first to circumnavigate the globe |
| Hernando Cortes | Spanish explorer who destroyed the Aztec empire |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer discovered the St. Lawrence river |
| Sir Francis Drake | English explorer, circumnavigated the globe |
| Francisco Pizarro | sailed for spain and destroyed the Incan Empire |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | first peron to develop the heliocentric theory |
| Johannes Kepler | discovered laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo Galilie | developed the telescope and helped prove the heliocentric theory |
| Isaac Newton | discovered laws of gravity |
| William Harvey | discovered circulation of blood |
| Oliver cromwell | led parliament's forces (the roundheads) during the english civil war |
| Charles I | English king who led the cavaliers in the English civil war, later beheaded by Cromwell |
| William and Mary | English monarchs brought to the throne in the Glorious Revolution |
| Thomas Hobbes | English Philosopher who wrote "The Leviathan" and believed in strong central authority to rule a government |
| John Locke | author of "Two treatises on Government" who believed in natural rights of life, liberty, and property |
| Montesquieu | author of "On the Spirit of Laws" he believed in a separation of powers in government |
| Rousseau | Author of "Social Contrat" believed in broad freedoms for the people |
| Voltaire | Author of "Candide" believed in separation of church and state |
| Louis XIV | "The Sun King" built Versailles palace as King of France |
| Peter I | as Czar he "westernized" russia |
| Frederick II | led Prussia as an absolute monarch and strengthened their military |
| Robespierre | led the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | rose to power as emperor of France, conquered most of Europe before being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | led a revolt in Haiti, helped it earn its independence |
| Simon Bolivar | led a number of independence revolutions in South and Central America |
| Amadeus Mozart | famous classical composer from age of enlightenment |
| Eugene Delacroix | French painter of "Liberty leading the People" |
| Miguel Cervantes | Spanish author of "Don Quixote" the first modern European novel |
| Otto Von Bismarck | using his Realpolitik philosophy he was instrumental in uniting Germany |
| Count Cavour | foriegn minister of Sardinia who united N. Italy |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | led the red shirt army and united S. Italy |
| James Watt | inventor of a better Steam engine |
| Henry Bessemer | created a process for converting Iron into steel |
| Edward Jenner | scientist who developed vaccination |
| Louis Pasteur | discovered bateria and a way to guard against it |
| Adam Smith | Author of "the Wealth of Nations" defending Capitalism |
| Karl Marx | author of "The Communist Manifesto" founder of communism |
| Eli Whitney | inventor of the cotton gin |
| Chiang Kai Shek | Leader of the Nationalists in China |
| Mao Zedong | leader of the communists in China, ist leader of the People's Republic of China |
| Ho Chi Minh | Communist leader in Vietnam, led Vietnam to independence from France. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Leader of USSR after Stalin. He "de-Stalinized" Russia and was leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. |
| John F. Kennedy | US president during Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Fidel Castro | Communist dictator of Cuba |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | leader of Communist USSR from 1985-1991. He tried to reform the communist system and ended up bringing it down. |
| Boris Yeltsin | Firt democratically elected President of Russia, following the collapse of the USSR |
| Matthew Perry | American admiral who forced Japan to open its ports to trade |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | German leader who expanded Germany's military power |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Austrian heir whose assassination started WWI |
| Woodrow Wilson | American President who led America into WWI and developed a peace plan for the war's settlement |
| Tsar Nicolas II | last Tsar of Russia, overthrown by revolutionaries and eventualy killed by the Bolsheviks |
| Vladimir Lenin | leader of Bolsheviks, he established a communist government for Russia |
| Bolsheviks | the communist supporters of Lenin |
| Leon Trotsky | leader of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War |
| Joseph Stalin | suceeded Lenin as leader of the USSR |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator who ruled Italy |
| Adolf Hitler | Fascist leader in Germany who headed the Nazi party |
| Emperor Hirohito | Emperor of Japan during interwar period and WWII |
| Hideki Tojo | military general in Japan who came to dominate the Japanese government as a dictator. |
| Mohandas Gandhi | "The Great Soul" leader of India's independence movement he stressed civil disobedience and nonviolence |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | Leader of INC, became first prime minister of independent India |
| Indian National Congress | nationalist group formed in 1880s to help gain more freedoms for India's people |
| Jomo Kenyatta | led Kenya to its independence from Britain |
| Kwame Nkumra | independence leader of Ghana |
| Nelson Mandela | leader of ANC in S. Africa, he was a political prisoner for 30 years and would be elected President of S. Africa after his release |
| Franklin Roosevelt | American president during most of WWII |
| Harry Truman | American President who made the decision to drop Atomic bombs on Japan |
| Douglas MacArthur | US general who occupied Japan after the war, overseeing its reconstruction |
| Charles De Gaulle | leader of French resistance after the Nazi occupation |
| George Marshall | US general and Sec. of State that developed an aid package to help rebuild Europe |
| Joseph Stalin | leader of USSR during WWII |
| Adolf Hitler | leader of Nazi Germany during WWII |
| Hideki Tojo | Military leader of Japan during WWII |
| Emperor Hirohito | Japanese emperor during WWII, he urged for surrender after US atomic attack |
| Neville Chamberlain | Britism Prime Minister who advocated appeasement with Hitler |
| Winston Churchill | British Prime Minister during WWII, he long advocated standing up to Hitler |
