| A | B |
|---|
| Holy Roman Emperor | title given to Charlemagne by the Pope which made him the protector of Christianity |
| Charlemagne | King of the franks who expanded France into a large kingdom and later became Holy Roman Emperor |
| Vikings | migratory group from Scandinavia who would eventually settle Russia |
| Magyars | migratory group from Asia that settled in Hungary |
| Angles and Saxons | migratory group from continental Europe that settled the British Isles |
| Monastaries | established by the Catholic church they spread christianity the latin alphabet and built schools and hospitals for people in Europe |
| Feudal System | social system of the Middle ages with little social mobility |
| Fiefs | land grants given out by Kings or Nobles in the Feudal system in exchange for military support or labor |
| serfs | lowest class of people in the Feudal system who worked Nobles' land in exchange for protection |
| William the Conquerer | man who conquered England and united expanded it into a large kingdom |
| Henry II | king responsible for creating the jury system and common law in England |
| John I | English King who signed the Magna Carta |
| Hugh Capet | French king who expanded his kingdom out of Paris and saw his dynasty expand over all of France |
| Joan of Arc | French patriot who led France to victories in the 100 years war and insired a sense of French nationalism |
| the 100 years war | series of conflicts between England and France that helped define those countries as Nations |
| Kiev | the original city Russia was centered around. It was destroyed by the Mongols |
| The Mongols | Asian group that conquered China, India, Russia, and Arab Lands. Built largest empire Ever. |
| Genghis Khan | famous Mongol Leader |
| Moscow | city that Russia was centered around after Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols |
| Ivan III | Russian leader who defeated the Mongols and took the title of Tsar |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Spanish King and Queen whose marriage united Spain. They defeated the Moors and started the Spanish Inquisition. |
| Spanish Inquisition | attempt by the Spanish to make people become Catholic by force |
| Phillip II | Spanish leader who expanded Spain's power and built the Spanish Armada |
| Spanish Armada | massive Spanish fleet of ships that Spain used to become very powerful |
| The Black Death | terrible disease that cost Europe 1/3 of its population |
| Crusades | series of military expeditions led by Christians in Europe to reconquer the "holy lands" in Jerusalem from the Muslims |
| Pope Urban II | Man whose famous speech helped spark the Crusades |
| Seljuk turks | Muslim invaders who conquered Jerusalem and closed the city to Christians and Jews |
| Saladin | Turkish leader who reopened Jerusalem to Christians after the 3rd crusade |
| Richard I | English king who led the Third Crusade |
| Crusader States | Trade centers established by the crusaders in Syria and Palestine |
