| A | B |
|---|
| pax romana | 200 year period of peace and prosperity in Rome |
| civil service system | enacted by Augustus in Rome it gave government jobs to the most qualified people in Rome rather than to political friends |
| Virgil | Roman poet who wrote the Aeneid |
| Forum | center for politics and trade in Rome |
| Augustus Caesar | Rome's first emperor, ended Rome's second civil war |
| Representative Democracy | form of Government practiced by the Roman republic, people vote for representatives rather than directly on decisions |
| latin | official language of the Roman Empire |
| Patricians | wealthy nobles/aristocrats of rome |
| Plebeians | common people in Rome |
| Mosaics | form of art from Byzantine empire where pianted tiles or glass are used to make a picture |
| Icons | pictures or statues used in worship in churches |
| Justinian | Byzantine emperor who created a famous law code, and reconquered lands lost to the Germanic tribes |
| Patriarchs | leaders of the Orthodox church |
| Pope | patriarch of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church |
| Cyrillic | Alphabet created by St. Cyril that was used to spread Orthodox Christianity to the slavs |
| Allah | Arabic word for God |
| Five Pillars of Islam | basic duties every Muslim was required to perform |
| The Koran | Islam's holy book |
| Mecca and Medina | Islam's two most Holy cities |
| Arabic Calligraphy | beautiful depictions of the Arabic language found in Mosques |
| Charlemagne | Frankish King crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope |
| Vikings | migratory invaders who spread from Scandinavia to Russia |
| Fiefs | land Grants given by Nobles to their Vassal in the feudal system |
| Serfs | landless laborers who workerd land in return for protection. They were the lowest class of people from the Feudal System. |
| Magyars | migratory invaders who moved from central Asia to Hungary |
| Angles | invaders who moved from continental europe to the British Isles |
| Franks | powerful Kingdom in Europe (based in France) that defeated the Muslim invaders and were viewed as the protectors of Christianity |
| William the Conquerer | Norman King who conquered England and united it under his rule |
| Henry II | English King who established the jury system and comman law |
| Magna Carta | Document the limited the Power of the English King |
| Kiev | city Russia was originally centered around |
| Phillip II | Spanish King who expanded Spain's power in the Western Hemisphere |
| Ivan III | Russian who first took the title of tsar and defeated the Mongols |
| Mongols | Nmoadic Invaders that conquered almost all of Asia |
| Tsar | title taken by Russian leaders |
| Joan of Arc | led French during the 100 years' war and became a symbol for Franch nationalism |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Spanish rulers whose marriage united Spain |
| Spanish inquisition | attempt by Ferdinand and Isabella to force all of Spain to convert to Catholicism |
| 100 years' war | war fought between France and England that defined both as nations |
| The Crusades | wars fought by Europe to try and reconquer the Holy Lands from the Muslims |
| Ottoman Turks | group who conquered Constantinopple in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul. The city became a center for Islam |
| Crusader states | states established in the holy lands for trade by the Crusaders |
| Michelangelo | famous Renaissance artist sculpted "David" and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| Leonardo da Vinci | famous renaissance artist who painted the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper" |
| Machiavelli | Renaissance man who wrote The Prince and belived that "the ends justify the means" |
| Archipelago | group of Islands (the landform of Japan) |
| Shinto | the native religion of Japan |
| Aztec | group from central Mexico who developed accurate calendars and had an economy based around agriculture |
| Inca | civilization from South America in the Andes Mountains |
| Tenochtitlan | famous city for Aztec civilization |
| Macchu Pichu | famous monument for the Inca empire |
