| A | B |
|---|
| generalization | when an organism responds to a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus |
| positive reinforcement | rewarding consequences that follow a behavior |
| extinction | the conditioned response lessens in strength when the unconditioned stimulus stops being presented |
| fixed-ratio schedule | reinforcement that depends on a specified quantity of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes |
| shaping | the process of reinforcement used to sculpt new responses from old ones |
| unconditioned stimulus | an event that leads to a certain, predictable response |
| conditioned stimulus | an event that, after training, leads to a learned response |
| conditioned response | a learned response |
| classical conditioning | conditioning that results when a person's old response becomes attached to a new stimulus |
| operant conditioning | learning from the consequence of behavior |
| cognitive learning | the mental processes involved in learning |
| aversive control | conditioning that results from unpleasant consequences |
| behavior modification | systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings |
| avoidance conditioning | conditioning in which a person's behavior prevents an unpleasant situation from occurring |
| cognitive map | a mental picture learned from repeated experience and exploration |
| modeling | learning resulting from observation and imitation |
| escape conditioning | conditioning that causes an unpleasant event to stop |
