| A | B |
|---|
| Protestant Reformation | challenge to church authority in 16th century Germany and Switzerland |
| Beguines and Beghards | religious groups who lived like monks but without formal vows; wanted to live a live of religious simplicity |
| Albigensians (Cathars) | medieval heresy stressing the duality of spirit and flesh;suppressed by a crusade in 1208 |
| Lollards | followers of Wycliffe who believed in the invisilbe "true church" of the saved |
| Hussites | 14th century followers of Jan Hus who wanted church reform |
| Waldensians | heresy of the 12th century; reputedly founded by Peter Waldo |
| Unity of the Bretheren | Moravian church based on the teachings of Jan Hus |
| The Modern Devotions | a series of lay movements in Northern Europe that helped pave the way for Martin Luther |
| Brothers of the Common Life | Dutch lay movement that favored a religious life outside formal religious offices |
| Thomas a Kempis | member of the Brothers of the Common Life; probable author of the Imitation of Christ |
| primitive Christianity | the goal of many early Reformation figures and groups |
| vernacular | common language of the local people |
| Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation | Martin Luther's text that is an attack on corrupt church practices and an early expression of nationalist sentiment |
| indulgence | clerical release from the penalties of venial sin |
| sale of indulgences | one of the corrupt church practices condemned by many reformers |
| purgatory | Catholic doctrine provides this place for the purficiation of the soul from minor sins |
| benefices | church offices, for example bishops and archbiships |
| simony | selling of church offices |
| pluralism | holding of multiple church offices by one person |
| absenteeism | the practice of church office holders of not tending to the spiritual needs of their flocks and yet collecting money from them |
| nominalism | the philisophical idea that general concepts do not have a distinct existence from the particular objects they describe but are only types |
| realism | Platonic idea that general concepts have a separate and real existence apart from the objects they describe |
| Martin Luther | son of a Thuringian miner who became the leader of the German Reformation |
| Mansfield | city where the Brothers of the Common Life taught the young Martin Luther |
| sola fide | "by faith alone" one of the major precepts of Lutheran doctrine |
| faith and works | according to Catholic doctrine both of these were necessary for salvation |
| indulgence | remession of the temporal penalty imposed by penitents by priests |
| purgatory | place where souls go to be cleansed of sin |
| teasury of merit | the reservoir of good works that could be dispensed at the pope's discretion |
| letters of indulgence | could be purchased for one or one's dead relatives suffering in purgatory |
| plenary indulgence | provided remission of all unrepented sins and incomplete penitentials |
| Jubilee Indulgence | proclaimed by Leo X and Julius II to pay for St. Peter's Basilica in Rome |
| Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz | allowed the preaching of the Jubilee Indulgence in Mainz in order to pay off the loans he had incurred buying the office |
| Fuggers | important banking family in Augsburg |
| John Tetzel | famous preacher of indulgences enlisted to preach the Jubilee indulgence in Mainz |
| ninety-five theses | Luther's argument against selling indulgences |
| Wittenberg | place where Luther posted his 95 theses |
| Charles V | purchased election as Emperor with funds borrowed from the Fuggers |
| Frederick the Wise | Elector of Saxony; an early protector of Martin Luther and Lutheranism |
| Scriptural authority | the sole authority for Christians, according to Luther |
| Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation | Luther urges the German princes to force reform on the church |
| Luther's Babylonian Captivity | attacked the seven sacraments |
| baptism and the Eucharist | the only two sacraments that Luther found to be biblical |
| Freedom of a Christian | summarizes Luther's teaching of salvation by faith alone |
| Exsurge Domine | Pope Leo X issued this bull condemning Martin Luther for heresy |
| Diet of Worms | in April 1521 Luther presented his views here |
| Edict of Worms | declared Martin Luther an outlaw and banned his writings |
| Diet of Speyer | Charles V allowed German princes to enforce he Edict of Worms as they saw fit |
| precedent for the Peace of Augsburg | Diet of Speyer |
| Schmaldkaldic League | defensive alliance of German princes who wanted to defend Luther |
| Twelve Articles | the articles of protest against feudal dues drawn up by peasants during the Peasant Revolt |
| Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants | Luther's condemnation of the Peasant Revolt |
| Thomas Muntzer | a major leader of the Peasant Revolt |
| Ulrich Zwingli | leader of the Swiss Reformation in Zurich |
| priesthood of all believers | Luther's doctrine that all believers were witnesses of God |
| clerical celibacy | one of the Catholic doctrines attacked by Luther and Zwingli |
| veneration of saints | Catholic Doctrine seen as akin to idol worship by some reformers |
| Eucharist | Holy Communion; the Lord's Supper |
| transubstantiation | Catholic doctrine that says that the bread and wine of the Eucharist become the flesh and blood of Christ |
| Marburg Colloquy | meeting of Martin Luther and Zwingli to attempt to create agreement on Reformation theology |
| "truly and substantially present" | Lutheran formulation of Christ in the Eucharist |
| Battle of Kappel | site of Zwingli's death in the Swiss civil war |
| Results of Swiss Civil Wars | each Canton determines its own religion |
| Anabaptists | rejected infant baptism; most radical of reformers |
| age of accountability | when an adult is aware of the wages of sin and can be baptized |
| Amish and Mennonites | descendants of the Anabaptists |
| canton | Swiss regional states |
| adult baptism, refusal to swear oaths, pacifism | charactersitics of Anabaptists |
| Munster | became an Anabaptist theocracy in 1535 |
| Menno Simons | founded a moderate, pacifistic Anabaptist sect, the Mennonites |
| Spiritualists | had disdain for external, institutional religion |
| leader of the Peasant Revolt and Spiritualists | Thomas Muntzer |
| Antitrinitarians | proposed a rational, ethical and common sense religion |
| Michael Severus | leader of the Antitrinitarians, executed in Geneva |
| Socinianism | Antitrinitarian sect founded by Lelio Sozzini |
| John Calvin | French Reformer who set up a Protestant theocracy in Geneva |
| Institutes of the Christian Religion | work by John Calvin that laid out the precepts of Calvinism |
| predestination | Calvinist doctrine that says that God has always known the destiny of each human soul |
| the elect | Calvist name for those who are destined to be saved |
| Arminianism | doctrine that the faithful can possible lose grace (back slide) |
| Diet of Augsburg | Charles V orders Germans back into Catholicism |
| Augsburg Confession | moderate statement of Protestantism adopted after the Diet of Augsburg |
| Philip of Hesse | one of the early Lutheran leaders; organized the Colloquy of Marburg |
| King Christian II | introduced Lutheranism into Denmark |
| King Gustavus Vasa | introduced Lutheransim into Sweden |
| Poland | a model of religious pluralism in the 16th century |
| Peace of Passau | granted religious freedom to Lutherans |
| precedent for the Peace of Augsburg | Peace of Passau |
| Peace of Augsburg | made permanent the division between Lutherans and Catholics |
| cuius regio, eius religio | Peace of Augsburg formula that allowed the ruler of a land to choose its religion |
| William Tyndale | translated the Bible into English |
| Cardinal Thomas Wolsey | Henry VIII's religious advisor tasked with getting him a divorce |
| Sir Thomas More | Henry VIII's advisor: executed for opposing the Act of Supremacy |
| Henry VIII | second Tudor king; led the "English Reformation" |
| fidei defensor | Defender of the faith; title accorded to Henry VIII for defending the 7 sacraments |
| Response to Luther | Thomas More's reply to Martin Luther during the controversy over the sacraments |
| Catherine of Aragon | first wife of Henry VIII; Aunt of Charles V |
| Mary Tudor | daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon |
| Anne Boleyn | Henry VIII's second wife-beheaded |
| Elizabeth Tudor | future Elizabeth I; daughter of Henry I and Anne Boleyn |
| Thomas Cromwell | advisor to Henry VIII; executed after Henry VIII's disasterous marriage to Anne of Cleves |
| Jane Seymour | third wife of Henry VIII-died soon after childbirth |
| Edward Tudor | future Edward VI; son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour |
| Anne of Cleves | Henry VIIIs fourth wife-annulled by Parliament |
| Catherine Howard | Henry VIIIs fifth wife-beheaded |
| Catherine Parr | the only wife to outlive Henry VIII |
| Thomas Cranmer | like Cromwell, a strong advocate for Reformation |
| first Archbishop of Canterbury under the Church of England | Thomas Cranmer |
| Reformation Parliament | passed the Act of Supremacy; ended payments by English clergy to Rome |
| Act of Supremacy | made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England |
| dissolution of monasteries and nunneries | accomplished by the Reformation Parliament |
| Submission of the Clergy | put canon law under royal jurisdiction |
| Ten Articles | the first guidelines for the Church of England; published by Thomas Cranmer |
| Six Articles | published by Henry VIII to emphasize the Catholic nature of the Church of England |
| Edward VI | minority king under whom the Reformation grew in England |
| Act of Uniformity | imposed the Book of Common Prayer on the Church of England |
| Book of Common Prayer | edited by Thomas Cranmer; standardized prayers for the Church of England |
| Mary I | Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon |
| Capuchins | monastic order seeking to return to the ideals of St. Francis |
| Theatines | monastic order designed to groom devout reform-minded Catholic leaders |
| Ursulines | convents dedicated to religious education for girls |
| Oratorians | monastic order dedicated to the promotion of church literature and music |
| St. Teresa of Avila | Carmelite nun, reformer and mystic; leader of the Counter-Reformation |
| St. John of the Cross | major figure of the Counter-Reformation, a Spanish mystic, Catholic saint, Carmelite friar and priest |
| Society of Jesus | aka, Jesuits, major Counter-Reformation order; soldiers of Christ |
| Ignatius of Loyola | founder of the Jesuits |
| Spiritual Exercises | Ignatius of Loyola's rules of discipline for Jesuits; devotional exercises |
| obedience to church authority | one of the primary Jesuit rules |
| Council of Trent | the Council of the Counter-Reformation |
| clerical and episcopal discipline | a major accomplishment of the Council of Trent |
| Jansenists | Catholic religious movement that, like Augustine, emphasized human depravity and original sin |
| Philip Melancthon | humanist colleague of Luther in the Reformation |
| Genevan Academy | founded by Calvin to train Calvinist ministers |
| Eve | the Medieval model of women and pre-Reformation Europe |
| Virgin Mary | Reformation model of women |
| clerical marriage | a major Protestant doctrine |
| companionate marriage | Protestant model of husband and wife as co-workers |
| wet nursing | the practice of hiring a woman to nurse another woman's child |
| Inquisition | the Catholic institution dedicated to rooting out heresy |
| Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra | greatest of Spanish witers of literature |
| Don Quixote | the best know work of Cervantes |
| Rocinante | Don Quixote's horse |
| Dulcinea | a peasant prostitute thought by Don Quixote to be his noble love |
| Sancho Panza | Don Quixote's loyal sidekick |
| William Shakespeare | greatest English language dramatist |
| the King's Men | drama company for which Shakespeare wrote |
| Richard III | Shakespeare portrays a king as an unscrupulous child murderer |
| Hapsburg-Valois Wars | struggle between the Holy Roman Emperor and France over control of Italy |
| Battle of Pavia | resulted in the capture of the French king Francis I |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | Ottoman ruler who allied with Francis I against the Hapsburgs |
| Battle of Mohacs | Suleiman the Magnificent defeats the Hungarian allies of Charles V |
| Treaty of Madrid | Francis I gives up claims in Italy |
