| A | B |
|---|
| periosteum | tough,fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| compact bone | dense hard and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. aka cortical bone |
| spongy bone | lighter and not as strong as compact bone. aka cancellous bone |
| medullary cavity | central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it surrounded by compact bones. red & YELLOW BONE MARROW ARE STORED |
| endosteum | tissue that lines the medullary cavity |
| red bone marrow | located within the spongy bone,manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin,white blood cells and thrombocytes |
| hemopoietic | pertaining to the formation of blood cells |
| yellow bone marrow | functions as fat storage |
| cartilage | smooth rubbery blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between ones. also make up flexible parts of the skeleton |
| articular cartilage | covers the surface of the bones where they come together to form joints |
| meniscus | curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| epiphyses | wider ends of the long bones |
| foramen | opening in the bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass |
| process | normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle/tendon |
| joints | aka articulations, place of union between 2 or more bones |
| fibrous joints | consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue |
| fontanelles | aka soft spot are normally present in the skull of a newborn |
| cartilaginous joints | allow only slight movement & consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage |
| pubic symphysis | allows some movement to facilitate childbirth |
| synovial joint | created where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions |
| ball & socket joints | such as hips, allow a wide range of movement in many directions |
| hinge joints | knees & elbows are synovial joints that allow movement in only 1 direction |
| synovial capsule | outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint |
| synovial membrane | lines the capsule & secretes synovial fluid |
| synvoial fluid | flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement of the joint possible |
| ligaments | bands of fibrous tissue that forms joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage |
| bursa | fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction |
| axial skeleton | protects the organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems |
| appendicular skeleton | makes body movement possible |
| cranium | portion of the skull that encloses & protects the brain |
| sutures | jagged fibrous joints that join the cranial bones together |
| frontal bone | anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead |
| parietal bones | 2 of the largest bones of the skull. they form most of the roof & upper sides of the cranium |
| occipital bone | forms the back part of the skull & the base of the cranium |
| external auditory meatus | the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear |
| sphenoid bone | irregular, wedge shaped bone at the base of the skull |
| ethmoid bone | light spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose |
| auditory ossicles | 3 tiny bones located in each middle ear |
| nasal bones | upper part of the bridge of the nose |
| zygomatic bones | aka cheekbones |
| maxillary bones | form most of the upper jaw |
| palatine bones | form the anterior(front) part of the hard palate of the mouth & floor of the nose |
| lacrimal bones | make up part of the orbit(socket of the eye) at the inner angle |
| inferior conchae | thin scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose |
| vomer bone | forms the base of the nasal septum |
| mandible | aka jawbone, is the only movable bone in the skull |
| thoracic cavity | aka rib cage, bony structure that protects the heart & lungs |
| ribs | aka costals attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae |
| sternum | aka breast bone flat dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest |
| manubrium | bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum |
| body of the sternum | bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum |
| pectoral girdle | the shoulders which support the arms & hands |
| clavicle | aka collar bone, is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula |
| scapula | aka shoulder blade |
| acromion | extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder |
| humerus | bone of the upper arm |
| radius | smaller shorter bone in the forearm,runs up the thumb side of the forearm |
| ulna | larger,longer bone of the forearm |
| olecranon process | aka funny bone, is a large projection on the upper end of the ulna |
| carpals | bones that form the wrist |
| metacarpals | 5 bones that form the palm of the hand |
| phalanges | are the 14 bones of the fingers * bones of the toes as well |
| spinal column | aka vertebral column protects the spinal cord & supports the head and body |
| vertebrae | 26 in the spinal column |
| lamina | posterior portion of the vertebrae |
| intervertebral disks | made of cartilage,separate & cushion the vertebrae from each other |
| cervical vertebrae | first set of 7 vertebrae and they form the neck |
| thoracic vertebrae | known as T1 & T12, are the second set of 12 vertebrae |
| lumbar vertebrae | known as L1-L5, make up the third set of 5 vertebrae & together form the inward curve of the lower spine |
| sacrum | slightly curved triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back |
| coccyx | aka tailbone forms the end of the spine & is actually made of 4 small vertebrae that are fused together |
| pelvic girdle | protectsinternal organs and supports the lower extremities |
| ilium | broad blade shaped bone that forms the back & sides of the pubic bone |
| sacroiliac | the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum & posterior portion of the ilium |
| ischium | forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting |
| pubis | forms the anterior portion ofthe pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder |
| pubic symphysis | cartilaginous joint that unites the left & right pubic bones |
| acetabulum | aka hip sockets, large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates w/ the head of the femur to form the hip joint |
| femurs | largest bones in the body |
| patella | aka knee cap, bonyanterior portion of the knee |
| popliteal | posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments,vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located |
| cruciate ligaments | make possible the movement of the knee |
| tibia | aka shin bone is the larger anterior weight bearing bone in the lower leg |
| fibula | the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg |
| ankles | the joints that connect the lower leg & foot, make the necessary movements possible |
| tarsal | the 7 short bones of the ankle similar to the bones of the wrist, |
| malleolus | rounded bony projection on the tibia & fibula on the sides of each ankle joint |
| talus | the ankle bone that articulates w/ the tibia & fibula |
| calcaneus | aka heel bone, llargest of the tarsal bones |
| metatarsals | 5 bones that form the part of the foot where the toes are attached |
| phalanges | bones of the toe, also the fingers |
| chiropractor | holds a dr of chiropractic degree & specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders orginating from misalignment of the spine |
| orthopedic surgeon | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders involving bones, joints and muscles |
| osteopath | holds a dr of osteopathy degree & uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation |
| podiatrist | dr of podiatry degree & specializes in diagnosing & treating disorders of the foot |
| rheumatologist | physician who specializes in diagnosis & treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis |
| ankylosis | loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure |
| arthrosclerosis | stiffness of the joints |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| chondromalacia | abnormal softening of cartilage |
| chondroma | slow growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells |
| costochondritis | inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum |
| hallux valgus | aka bunion, an abnormal enlargemetn of the joint at the base of the great toe |
| hemarthrosis | blood within a joint |
| polymyalgia rheumatica | geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles & joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips and thighs |
| synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling & pain of the affected joint |
| dislocation | total displacement of a bone from its joint |
| subluxation | partial displacement of a bone from its joint |
| arthritis | inflammatory condition of one or more joint |
| osteoarthritis | most commonly associated w/ aging |
| osteophytes | bone spurs |
| spondylosis | aka spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure & function |
| gouty arthritis | aka gout, type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uricacid in the joints |
| rheumatoid arthritis | aka RA, chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints & some organs of other body systems are attacked |
| ankylosing spondylitis | form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae |
| juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 yrs or less |
| herniated disk | aka slipped/ruptured disk breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots |
| lumbago | pain in the lumbar region |
| spondylolisthesis | is the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it |
| spina bifida | congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it |
| kyphosis | an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side |
| lordosis | abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine |
| scoliosis | lateral curvature of the spine |
| craniostenosis | malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures |
| fibrous dysplasia | bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure & replaces it with fibrous tissue |
| ostealgia | pain in the bone |
| osteitis | inflammation of the bone |
| osteomalacia | aka adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone marrow & adjacent bone |
| osteonecrosis | death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply |
| paget's disease | bone disease of unknown cause |
| periostitis | inflammation of the periosteum |
| rickets | deficiency disease occurring in children,results from a vit D deficiency |
| short stature | condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head & trunk |
| talipes | aka clubfoot describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus(ankle bones) |
| primary bone cancer | relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone |
| secondary bone cancer | describes tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs |
| myeloma | cancer that occurs in blood making cells found in red bone marrow |
| osteochondroma | a benign bony projection covered with cartilage |
| osteoporosis | marked loss of bone density & an increase in bone porosity that if frequently associated with aging |
| osteopenia | thinner then average bone density |
| compression fracture | occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself |
| colles fracture | aka fractured wrist |
| osteoporotic hip fracture | aka broken hip usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis |
| fracture | a broken bone |
| closed fracture | broken bone but there is no open wound |
| open fracture | broken bone and an open skin wound |
| comminuted fracture | bone is splintered or crushed |
| greenstick fracture | where the bone is bent & only partially broken, occurs primarily in children |
| pathologic fracture | occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain |
| spiral fracture | fracture where the bone has been twisted apart |
| stress fracture | which is an overuse injury is a small crack in a bone that often develops from chronic excessive impact |
| transverse fracture | occurs straight across the bone |
| fat embolus | form when a long bone is fractured & fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood |
| crepitation | grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together |
| callus | forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break |
| radiograph | aka x ray, used to visualize bone fractures & other abnormalities |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of the internal structure of a joint |
| bone marrow biopsy | diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test |
| magnetic resonance imaging | used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints |
| bone density testing | used to determine losses or changes in bone density |
| ultrasonic bone density testing | screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass |
| dual x ray absorptiometry | low exposure radiographic measurement of the spine & hips to measure bone density |
| bone marrow transplant | used to treat certain types of cancer |
| allogenic bone marrow transplant | uses healthy bones marrow cells from a compatible donor |
| autologous bone marrow transplant | patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed,treated, and stored |
| orthotic | mechanical appliance such as a leg brace that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function |
| prosthesis | substitute for a diseased or missing body part |
| arthrodesis | surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint |
| artholysis | surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint |
| arthroscopic surgery | minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint |
| chondroplasty | surgical repair of damaged cartilage |
| synovectomy | surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint |
| viscosupplementations | injections used to add preparation of hyaluronic acid & related compounds to a joint, easing friction |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a damaged joint |
| percutaneous diskectomy | performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk |
| percutaneous vertebroplasty | performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures |
| laminectomy | surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra |
| spinal fusion | technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebraecraniectomy |
| craniectomy | surgical removal of a portion of the skull |
| craniotomy | surgical incision or opening into the skull |
| cranioplasty | surgical repair of the skull |
| osteoclasis | surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity |
| ostectomy | surgical removal of a bone |
| osteoplasty | surgical repair of a bone or bones |
| osteorrhaphy | surgical suturing or wiring together of bones |
| osteotomy | surgical cutting of a bone |
| periosteotomy | an incision through the periosteum to the bone |
| closed reduction | attempted realignment of a bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation |
| immobilization | act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast |
| traction | a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment |
| external fixation | fracture treatment where pins are placed through the soft tissue & bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place |
| internal fixation | plate or pins are are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces together |
