| A | B |
|---|
| Psychological disorder | deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
| Medical model | concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital |
| DSM-IV-TR | American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated as a 2000 “text revision”; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders |
| Anxiety disorders | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiousness or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Conversion disorder | rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. |
| Mania | mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
| Antisocial personality disorder | personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| Post-traumatic growth | positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
| Somatoform disorder | psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause |
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) | rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder. |
| Mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder. |
| Schizophrenia | group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
| Personality disorders | psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. |
| Bipolar disorder | mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.) |
| Panic disorder | anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations |
| Phobia | anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| Hypochondriasis | somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. |
| Dissociative disorders | disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. |
| Major depressive disorder | mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly low spirits and bad moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. |
| Delusions | false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
