| A | B |
|---|
| What was the Reformation? | a religious revolution which created many new Christian religions |
| What caused the Reformation? | the resistance of the Roman Catholic Church to change |
| What is usury? | charging interest on loans |
| What are indulgences? | payment for the forgiveness of sins |
| How did the Humanists contribute to the Reformation? | Their ideas led people to look for ways to change society and question the practices of the Church. |
| What was the Humanist Erasmus' idea about the Catholic Church? | He argued that the Church should reject the emphasis on worldliness and money and return to the simple ways of the early Christian church. |
| Who was Martin Luther? | A German monk who found fault with the Church and was excommunicated. |
| Who wrote the 95 Theses? | Martin Luther |
| What was the 95 Theses? | Martin Luther's complaints against the Catholic Church especially the sale of indulgences. |
| What were the beliefs of Martin Luther? | salvation was determined by faith alone, the Bible was the ultimate authority on all religious matters, and all humans were equal before God |
| What started the Protestant Reformation? | the 95 Theses |
| What were the beliefs of John Calvin? | predestination and that the Bible was the source of truth and could be interpreted by average people |
| What is predestination? | the idea that God decides in advance who will be saved |
| What were John Calvin's ideas on predestination? | He stressed that living a life of hard work, honesty and morality proved that a person was saved. These were the chosen people. |
| Who started the Protestant Reformation in England? | political rulers, not religious figures |
| Why did King Henry VIII want to divorce his wife? | She had no sons. |
| Why did Pope Clement VII refuse to declare Henry's marriage invalid? | He didn't want to offend his wife's nephew Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor |
| What is another name for the Church of England? | the Anglican Church |
| What did Henry VIII do with the land and wealth of the Catholic Church? | He seized it and gave some of it to the nobles and other high-ranking officials |
| What happened to the Protestant reforms when Henry VII died? | His son, Edward VI, continued the reforms but when his half-sister, Mary Tudor, became queen, she tried to return England to the Catholic Church |
| What impact did Elizabeth I have on religion in England? | She worked to end the religious conflicts by finding compromises that both the Anglicans and Catholics could accept. |
| What were two of Elizabeth I's religious compromises? | She kept many Catholic rituals but followed Protestant doctrines and allowed English to be used instead of Latin in church services. |
| Because of peace in the region, what was the focus of Elizabeth I? | exploration and colonization |
| How did Philip II of Spain respond to Elizabeth I's support of the Dutch against Catholic Spain and the English pirates raid on Spanish ships? | He sent a fleet of ships, known as the Spanish Armada, to invade England. |
| How was England able to defeat the Spanish Armada? | They had faster ships. |
| Why was the defeat of the Spanish Armada important? | If the Spanish had won, they would have tried to convert the English back to Catholicism. |
