| A | B |
|---|
| High Renaissance | 1450-1527; art and sculpture were characterized by fully mature expressions of naturalism and human values |
| chiaroscuro | the use of shading to embrace naturalness |
| linear perspective | gives the illusion of depth and allows artists to portray space realistically |
| Giotto | first of the great Renaissance painters |
| mysticism | idea that one could achieve spiritual communion with God |
| universal man | Renaissance ideal of a man who is well educated or who excels in a wide variety of subjects or fields |
| Four Giants | da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian |
| mannerism | modified the symmetry of Renaissance art to make room for the strange and abnormal |
| El Greco | mannerist painter; painted The Assumption of the Virgin |
| Tintoretto | mannerist who painted "Ecce Homo" and "The Last Supper" |
| Tatars | term applied to Turkic people native to the Ukraine |
| Treaty of Lodi | alliance of Milan, Naples and Florence against Venice and the Papal States |
| Ludovico il Moro | despot of Milan who invited French help against Florence and Naples |
| Charles VIII | French king who intervened in war between the Italian states in 1494 |
| Girolamo Savonarola | pro-French monk who ruled Florence for four years; executed in 1498 |
| Alexander VI | Borgia Pope; perhaps the most corrupt pope ever; pro-French |
| Borgia family | papal dynastic family; enemies of Sforza and Medici families |
| Pope Julius II | the warrior pope; thoroughly secularized the Papal States |
| Battle of Novara | French defeated by the Holy League with Swiss mercenaries; driven from Italy temporarily |
| Battle of Marignano | Holy League defeated in 1515; Swiss massacred |
| Concordat of Bologna | gave the French king control over French clerics in exchange for the pope's right to collect annates and authority over councils |
| The Prince | Machiavelli's work of advice to Florentine rulers |
| the end justifies the means | Machiavellian precept |
| Charles V | Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor; King of Spain; King of Naples; Archduke of Austria; the most powerful man in Europe 1500-1555 |
| Estates General | French advisory assembly of nobles |
| Cortes | Spanish advisory assembly of nobles |
| Parliament | English advisory assembly of nobles |
| gabelle | French tax on salt |
| alcabala | 10 percent sales tax; Spain |
| taille | direct tax on the French third Estate |
| Charles VII | French king who "won" the Hundred Years War |
| Louis XI | built France into a great power |
| Charles the Bold | Duke of Burgundy defeated by France and the Hapsburgs |
| Maximilian I | Hapsburg Emperor who helped defeat Maximilian |
| Castile | central Spain ruled by Isabella in 1469 |
| Aragon | Eastern Spain ruled by Ferdinand in 1469 |
| 1469 | The Year Ferdinand and Isabella married and created a united Spain |
| 1492 | final conquest of Spanish Moors in Granada |
| reconquista | the long process of reconquest of Iberia by Portugese and Spanish Christians |
| Tomas de Torquemada | The Grand Inquisitor during the Spanish Inquisition |
| 1492 | Columbus sails from Spain; Jews expelled from Spain |
| 1502 | unconverted muslims expelled from Spain |
| moriscos | converted muslims; often accused of secretly practicing Islam |
| conversos | converted Jews:often accused of secretly practicing Judaism |
| Crypto-Judaism | the private and secret practice of Judaism in 15th century Spain |
| Catherine of Aragon | married Henry VIII of England |
| Sephardic Jews | expelled from Spain in 1492; spoke Ladino |
| House of York | white rose |
| House of Lancaster | red rose |
| Wars of the Roses | 1455-1485 English Civil War |
| Richard III | supposedly an unscrupulous villain who murdered his two nephews in the Tower of London |
| Edward IV | Yorkist claimant to the throne; brother of Richard III |
| Battle of Bosworth Field | Henry Tudor (VII) defeats Richard III |
| Tudro Dynasty | established by Henry VII |
| Henry VIII | son of Henry VII; father of three monarchs of England |
| Star Chamber | court set up to curb the power of English nobles under Henry VII |
| 7 Electors | princes with the power to elect the Holy Roman Emperor |
| Golden Bull | set up the process by which the Emperor was elected |
| Reichstag | imperial diet; advisory assembly of the Empire's subjects |
| Council of Regency | gave German nobles a share of executive power to the German princes |
| Northern Renaissance | humanism imported to the Netherlands; more religiously oriented than the Italian Renaissance |
| Johannes Gutenberg | credited with the invention of the printing press with moveable type |
| Mainz | the early center of printing in Europe |
| Desiderius Erasmus | leader of Northern Renaissance |
| Where there is smoke, there is fire. | adage of Erasmus |
| adage of Erasmus | Leave no stone unturned. |
| Ulrich von Hutten | symbolized the union of humanism, German nationalism and Luther's religious reform |
| Letters of Obscure Men | satire attacking monks and Scholastics resulting from a controversy over humanist scholarship |
| Thomas More | close friend of Erasmus, English humanist; |
| Utopia | Thomas More's major work; depicted a society based on tolerance and reason |
| Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples | critical scholar who influenced Martin Luther |
| Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros | Grand Inquisitor of Spain who harnessed humanism for the Catholic Church |
