| A | B |
|---|
| The repeating building blocks of larger molecules are known as ____. | monomers p68 |
| Many monomers linked together make up a ____. | polymer p68 |
| A polymer is a large molecule made up of many ____. | monomers p68 |
| The root word "poly" means ____. | many |
| The root word "mono" means ___. | one |
| The four categories of biological macromolecules are ___, ___, ___, and ___. | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (Although some people, including the authors of this textbook do not consider lipids to be macromolecules) p68, 
|
| The type of macromolecule that is used primarily as a source of quick energy is ___. | carbohydrates p70,
|
| Bread, pasta, cereal and fruits are high in which type of macromolecule? | carbohydrates (from your notes),
|
| The monomers of complex carbohydrates are ___. | simple sugars (a.k.a. monosaccharides) p69,
|
| Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of ____. | simple sugars (or monosaccharides - note; these three are all hexose sugars meaning they have six carbons. There are also simple sugars that are pentose sugars with 5 carbons such as ribose and deoxyribose, found in nucleotides. Triose sugars such as glycerodehyde are important in respiration and photosynthesis) p70,
|
| Sucrose is commonly called ____. | table sugar |
| Sucrose is a type of carbohydrate made of two simple sugar monomers (glucose bonded to fructose). Therefore, it is a ___. | disaccharide p70 |
| Another term for simple sugars is ___. | monosaccharides p69,
|
| Many monosaccharides bonded together are called a ____. | polysaccharide p70,
|
| Lactose is a type of disaccharide found in _____. | milk p70 |
| Plants usually store their carbohydrates as the polysaccharide known as ____.,
| starch p71 |
| Animals store carbohydrates in their liver and muscles as the polysaccharide known as ___.,
| glycogen p72,
|
| The cell walls of plants are made of the polysaccharide known as ____. | cellulose p72,  ,
|
| _______ is a tough polysaccharide that can only be broken down by bacteria, some protists and some types of fungi. | cellulose pp73&74, |
| Cellulose in plant cell walls can only be broken down for energy by ___ .,
| Bacteria, some protists and certain fungi (Animals that eat grass, which is mostly cellulose, depend on bacteria in their digestive tract to break the cellulose down into sugar monomers that the animals can then digest. Often times, there will be a compartment in their digestive tract that is sectioned off for this purpose) pp73&74,  |
| Glycogen is mainly stored in an animals ___ and ____.,
| muscles and liver pp72 |
| Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all types of _____ and would be classified in the major macromolecule class of _______.,
| Polysaccharides, carbohydrates pp70-72,
|
| Sugars are classified as ___. | carbohydrates pp69&70,
|
| The monomers of proteins are ____. | amino acids p78,  ,
|
| A long straight chain of amino acids is called a(n) ____.,
| polypeptide (It's not considered a protein until it folds into a specific 3-dimensional shape that allows it to do it's job) p77,  |
| A polypeptide that folds into a 3-D structure that has a specific function is called a(n) ___.,
| protein (The picture below shows the different bonds that hold the protein in its folded shape) p77,  |
| Lean meat is highest in the macromolecule group known as ____.,
| protein (from your notes) |
| A protein whose shape has been changed due to heat or harsh chemicals is known as a ____ protein. | denatured p84 |
| Organic catalysts (substances that speed up chemical reactions) are known as ___.,
| enzymes p68,  |
| An enzyme ____ a chemical reaction. | speeds up p68, |
| DNA and RNA are types of ____. | nucleic acids p86,
|
| The type of molecule that holds an organism's genetic information is called ___ and belongs in the class of macromolecules known as ____. | DNA, nucleic acids p86,  |
| The monomers of nucleic acids are ____. | nucleotides p86,  ,
|
| DNA is made up of four different types of ____. | nucleotides (Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are the nucleotides in DNA. In RNA, uracil is substituted for thymine. The picture below shows the nitrogenous bases of each which give the nucleotides their names) p88,  |
| Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are ____ found in ____. | nucleotides, DNA, |
| The order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule determines the order of ____ in a protein.,
| amino acids p88,  ,
|
| A change in the order of nucleotides in DNA is known as a(n) ____.,
| mutation (from your notes) |
| A type of nucleic acid that is usually single-stranded is ___.,
| RNA p88 |
| A type of nucleic acid that is double stranded is ___.,
| DNA p88 |
| Fats, steroids and waxes are classified as ___. | lipids pp74-77 |
| The main function of fats in an animals body is to ____. | store energy for later use (other functions can include insulation of the body using fat that lies just under the skin "subcutaneous fat" and cushioning of the organs inside the body cavity) p76 |
| Red meats, dairy and fried foods are high in the category of macromolecules known as ___. | lipids (from your notes) |
| The building blocks of fats are ___ . | Three fatty acids and one glycerol (The picture below shows a glycerol shaded gray and one long fatty acid chain shaded orange) p75,  |
| Besides being used to store energy, fats are also used for ___. | Insulation and protecting internal organs. (from your notes) |
| Fats that are solid at room temperature and are not particularly good for you are a type called ___. | saturated fats p75,  |
| Fats that are liquid at room temperature and are considered healthy to eat are called ___ or _____. | unsaturated fats, oils) p75, |
| Red meats (like steak) are high in ________ fats. | saturated (p75 and your notes) |
| Fats from vegetable oils and fish tend to be ___. | unsaturated p75, |
| Phospholipids are major component of the ___. | cell membrane p76,  |
| A major component of cell membranes is a type of lipid called a(n) ___. | phospholipid p76,  |
| Enzymes are almost always made of ____.,
| proteins p77 |
The picture below shows a _______ structure called a(n) ________.,  | secondary structure, alpha helix (keratin, a structural protein in hair and fingernails has alpha helix structure over most of its length) p82, |
| The picture below shows the basic structure of a(n) ______., | amino acid (notice that your book shows the amino acids in their ionized form as they would be when dissolved in water) p79, |
| Draw the basic structure of an amino acid and use an R to signify the radical group (where amino acids become different). | p79, |
The picture below shows a _______ structure called a(n) ________.,  | secondary structure, beta pleated sheet (this structure is found at the core of many globular proteins and in some fibrous proteins such as spider silk) p82, |
The picture below shows the structure of _____.,  | cellulose (Cellulose is a tough structural carbohydrate which is impossible to digest, unless you are a bacterium or a fungus, due to the cross-linked bonds that hold the chains together side-by-side), |
What is the structure that is helping the polypeptide fold into a protein?,  | A chaperonin (which is itself made of protein) p85, |
What is the exoskeleton made of that the insect below is trying to molt out of?,  | chitin (Which is a type of structural carbohydrate. It also makes up the exoskeleton of crustaceans like lobster and crab that are closely related to insects. In addition, it is gives the cell walls of fungi their strength and structure, just like cellulose does for plant cell walls) p74, |
The picture is showing a _____ reaction.,  | dehydration reaction (a.k.a. - dehydration synthesis or a condensation reaction) p68,69&71, |
| Two other names for dehydration reaction are _____. | dehydration synthesis and condensation reaction (Synthesis means to put together. In dehydration reactions attach monomers together. There is also water left over, so often times condensation will appear during the reaction) ** This information comes from your notes, |
| The picture below is showing part of a molecule of _____ which has a ______ shape., | DNA, double helix, |
| The monomers of maltose (a disaccharide) are _______. | glucose and glucose p71 |
| The monomers of sucrose (a disaccharide) are ___. | glucose and fructose p71 |
| The monomers of lactose are ____. | glucose and galactose (This info can be found in your notes) |
Glucose and fructose bond to form a _____ called _____.,  | disaccharide called sucrose (table sugar) p71, |
Glucose and glucose bond to form a _____ called _____.,  | disaccharide called maltose (malt sugar) p71, |
| Glucose and galactose bond to form a _______ called _____. | disaccharide called lactose (milk sugar) ** This information can be found in your notes |
What is the product of this reaction?,  | glucose and fructose (The purple thing is an enzyme that temporarily attaches to the sucrose molecule and helps break the bond that holds the two monomers or sucrose together, thus speeding up the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose), |
| What is the reactant of this reaction?, | sucrose (The purple thing is an enzyme that temporarily attaches to the sucrose molecule and helps break the bond that holds the two monomers or sucrose together, thus speeding up the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose), |
| What is the name of the enzyme in this reaction?, | sucrase (notice how this enzyme is named after the substrate it breaks down), |
| Why is water needed for this reaction?, | Its a hydrolysis reaction (the water is needed to break the bond between the glucose and fructose that make up the sucrose) p68, |
| Glucose alternates back and forth between a _____ structure and a ______ structure. | straight chain (linear) structure and a ring structure p71,  |
| A triglyceride (or triacylglyceerol) is a type of _____ that is made of _____ and _____. | lipid, 1 molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid chains (This picture shows how one glycerol would bond through a condensation reaction to one molecule of fatty acid) pp74&75, |
The reaction shown below is called a(n) _____ reaction.,  | hydrolysis pp68&69, |
| A nucleotide is made of _____. | a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base p87, |
| A nucleoside is made of _______. | A pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base (not the phosphate group) p87, |
What is "A" pointing out?,  | The nucleoside part of a nucleotide p87, |
| What is "B" pointing out?, | The nitrogenous base part of a nucleotide p87, |
| What is "C" pointing out?, | The pentose sugar part of a nucleotide p87, |
| What is "D" pointing out?, | The 3' (three prime) carbon part of a nucleotide (This is the third carbon of the pentose sugar when you start numbering them from the point of attachment of the nitrogenous base, going clockwise. It is where the phosphate group from another nucleotide would attach using a phosphodiester linkage. The fifth carbon is where this nucleotide's own phosphate group attaches) p87, |
| What is "E" pointing out?, | The 5' (five prime) carbon part of a nucleotide (This is the fifth carbon of the pentose sugar when you start numbering them from the point of attachment of the nitrogenous base, going clockwise. The five prime carbon is where a nucleotide's own phosphate group attaches. The three prime carbon is where the phosphate group from another nucleotide would attach using a phosphodiester linkage) ) p87, |
| What is "F" pointing out?, | The phosphate part of a nucleotide p87, |
| What is "G" pointing out?, | An entire nucleotide p87, |
| What is this and what is it made of?, | Part of a cell membrane showing a lipid bilayer made of phospholipids pp76&77 |
| Where do you find this type of molecule?, | cell membranes pp76&77 |
| This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein., | primary structure p82, |
This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein.,  | secondary structure (The one up top is a beta-pleated sheet while the one below is an alpha helix. These are the two different types of secondary structure that proteins can have) p82, |
| This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein., | tertiary structure p83 |
This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein.,  | quaternary structure (notice how the collagen protein, which is a major component of connective tissue, has 3 proteins that form a braid. The alpha-helix structure of the individual proteins give collagen its rubber band-like stretchy characteristics. Old people lose that elasticity in their collagen, leading to wrinkled skin) p83, |
This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein.,  | quaternary structure (This hemoglobin protein is made up of four intertwining polypeptide chains. As the oxygen carrying molecule in red blood cells, hemoglobin also has 4 heme groups with iron at the center to bind directly to oxygen) p83 |
| "A" is pointing to ____ in this picture showing the process of _____., | DNA, protein synthesis (Remember, synthesis means "putting together') p86, |
| "B" is pointing to ____ in this picture showing _____., | m-RNA (messenger RNA) after it has been transcribed from the DNA template, protein synthesis (Remember, synthesis means "putting together') p86, |
| "C" is pointing to ____ in this picture showing _____., | m-RNA (messenger RNA) after it has left the nucleus in search of a ribosome, protein synthesis (Remember, synthesis means "putting together') p86, |
| "D" is pointing to ____ in this picture showing _____., | a ribosome, protein synthesis (Remember, synthesis means "putting together') p86, |
| "E" is pointing to ____ in this picture showing _____., | a polypeptide chain, protein synthesis (Remember, synthesis means "putting together') p86, |
| "F" is pointing to ____ in this picture showing _____., | amino acids, protein synthesis (Remember, synthesis means "putting together') p86, |
| All of these molecules are _____. The smaller ones in the top row are called _____., | nitrogenous bases, pyrimidines) p88, |
| All of these molecules are _____. The larger ones in the bottom row are called _____., | nitrogenous bases, purines p88, |
The molecule on the top is a(n) ______ while the molecule on the bottom is a(n) ____.,  | saturated fatty acid (top), unsaturated fatty acid (bottom) p75, |
Lipids with a ring structure are called _____.,  | steroids (cholesterol as well as testosterone and estrogen are steroids) p77,  |
| _____ fats increase the risk of __________ by increasing your bodies own production of ______. | Saturated fats increase the risk of atherosclerosis (heart disease) by increasing your bodies own production of cholesterol. p77 |
| Hydrogenated vegetable oils are _____ that have been converted into ____ by synthetically adding hydrogens. | unsaturated fats, saturated fats (and also trans fats which may be even worse than saturated fats) p75&76 |
| Atherosclerosis (heart disease) is characterized by the build up of deposits called _____ on the inside walls of blood vessels that can block blood flow. | plaques p76 |
The picture below shows a molecule of _____ which is made of ____ bonded to _____.,  | fat (a.k.a. - a triglyceride), made of glycerol bonded to three fatty acids p75, |
| Cysteine is an amino acid with a sulfhydryl group as part of its R group. When a protein is folding, two cysteins from different parts of the polypeptide may covalently bond at the sulfhydryl site to form a _______. | disulfide bridge p83, |
| Which macromolecule stores more than twice as much energy per gram compared to the other categories? | Lipids (They have about 9 kilocalories per gram compared with 4 for carbohydrates and proteins) ** see your notes |
| What is the molecular formula of a hexose sugar such as glucose? | C6H12O6 (fructose and galactose have the same molecular formula as glucose. Therefore, all three are isomers) p70 |
| What is the molecular formula of a disaccharide? | C12H22O11 (When two hexose sugars with molecular formulas of C6H12O6 come together, you have to subtract out 2 hydrogens and one oxygen that are lost as water from the dehydration synthesis reaction) p71 |
| The root word "-lysis" or "lyse" means _____ | to break p69 |
| To synthesize means to ____. | put together |
| What do you call sugars that have a carbonyl group at the end of the molecule? | aldose sugars (Remember from chapter four that molecules with a carbonyl group on their terminal carbon are aldehydes, unless there is also a hydroxyl group in which case it would be a carboxyl group) p70,  |
| What do you call sugars that have a carbonyl group on one of the non-terminal carbons? | ketose sugars (Remember from chapter four that molecules with a carbonyl group on a non-terminal carbon are ketones) p70, |
| What trait do all lipids share? | They are hydrophobic (don't mix well with water) p74 |
| Fats that are liquid at room temperature are sometimes called ____ or ______. These types of fats are usually found in ____ and ____. | oils, unsaturated fats, plants and fish. p75, |
| Fats that are solid at room temperature are made with ______ fatty acids. These types of fats are usually found in ____ other than ____. | saturated, animals, other than fish p75, |
| Are hydrogenated vegetable oils considered to be saturated or unsaturated fats? | Saturated (When we say an oil has been hydrogenated, what we mean is that the oil has been synthetically converted into a saturated fat by adding hydrogen in the laboratory, and are therefore no better for us than any other saturated fat) p75 |
| In the process of hydrogenating vegetable oils, unsaturated fats are synthetically converted into saturated fats and sometimes a type of unsaturated fat called a ________ that may be even worse for you than saturated fats. | trans fat p76 |
| A diet rich in saturated fats is one of several factors that may contribute to a cardiovascular disease called ___ that causes blood flow in your blood vessels to be impeded. | atherosclerosis (this is also known as hardening of the arteries) p76 |
| A gram of fat stores more than ____ as much energy as a gram of a carbohydrate or protein. | twice p76 |
| In plants, where do you find most of their oils? | in the seeds p76 |
| What do you call cells in animals that specialize in storing fat? | adipose cells p76 |
| A particularly healthy type of fatty acid that must be obtained in your diet because your body cannot synthesize it is called a(n) __________. These are found in fatty fish as well as certain nuts and vegetable oils are high in this type of fatty acid. | omega-3 fatty acids p76 |
| ______ is a type of steroid that is a crucial component in the structure of cell membranes and can be made in the liver of animals (including you). However, too much in your diet can cause atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). | Cholesterol p77 |
| Steroids are a type of _____ made of a carbon skeleton with a(n) ______ structure. | lipid, ring (Some steroids work as hormones which are chemical messengers that travel from one part of the body to another. Most hormones are actually proteins, not lipids like steroids are) p77, |
| Any chemical agent that selectively speeds up chemical reactions is called a(n) _____. | catalyst (Some catalysts are inorganic, like manganese dioxide which can break down hydrogen peroxide, or the metals inside the catalytic converter that convert harmful exhaust from your car into less harmful gases) p77 |
| How many different amino acids do cells use in order to build their proteins? | 20 p78 |
| Bonds between one amino acid joining it to another amino acid are called _____ bonds. | peptide p80 |
| Polypeptide chains fold because of mostly ______ bonds that form between _____ in the polypeptide chain. | weak, side chains a.k.a R-groups) p83 |
| Disulfide bridges in the tertiary structure of a protein involve covalent bonds between ______ atoms from two cysteine amino acid side chains. | sulfur p83, |
| The secondary structure of proteins is caused by _____ forming between the ________ of different amino acids in a polypeptide chain. | hydrogen bonds, polypeptide backbones (not the side chains, a.k.a. -R groups) p82 |
| When a protein unravels and loses its functional shape due to changes in the environment like high temperatures or pH extremes, a change called _______ has occurred. | denaturation p84 |
| A condition called _______ involving blood hemoglobin is an example of how the shape of a protein can completely change if even one amino acid in the primary structure of a protein is changed. | sickle cell disease p84 |
| At the chemical level, why can a high fever be fatal? | The high temperatures can denature (cause a shape change) proteins in the blood. p85 |
| A nucleic acid polymer can also be called a(n) ____. | polynucleotide p87 |
