| A | B |
|---|
| The repeating building blocks of larger molecules are known as ____. | monomers p68 |
| Many monomers linked together make up a ____. | polymer p68 |
| A polymer is a large molecule made up of many ____. | monomers p68 |
| The four categories of biological macromolecules are ___, ___, ___, and ___. | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (Although some people, including the authors of this textbook do not consider lipids to be macromolecules) p68, 
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| The type of macromolecule that is used primarily as a source of quick energy is ___. | carbohydrates p70,
|
| Bread, pasta, cereal and fruits are high in which type of macromolecule? | carbohydrates (from your notes),
|
| The monomers of complex carbohydrates are ___. | simple sugars (a.k.a. monosaccharides) p69,
|
| Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of ____. | simple sugars (or monosaccharides - note; these three are all hexose sugars meaning they have six carbons. There are also simple sugars that are pentose sugars with 5 carbons such as ribose and deoxyribose, found in nucleotides. Triose sugars such as glycerodehyde are important in respiration and photosynthesis) p70,
|
| Sucrose is commonly called ____. | table sugar |
| Sucrose is a type of carbohydrate made of two simple sugar monomers (glucose bonded to fructose). Therefore, it is a ___. | disaccharide p70 |
| Another term for simple sugars is ___. | monosaccharides p69,
|
| Many monosaccharides bonded together are called a ____. | polysaccharide p70,
|
| Lactose is a type of disaccharide found in _____. | milk p70 |
| Plants usually store their carbohydrates as the polysaccharide known as ____.,
| starch p71 |
| Animals store carbohydrates in their liver and muscles as the polysaccharide known as ___.,
| glycogen p72,
|
| The cell walls of plants are made of the polysaccharide known as ____. | cellulose p72,  ,
|
| Sugars are classified as ___. | carbohydrates pp69&70,
|
| The monomers of proteins are ____. | amino acids p78,  ,
|
| A long straight chain of amino acids is called a(n) ____.,
| polypeptide (It's not considered a protein until it folds into a specific 3-dimensional shape that allows it to do it's job) p77,  |
| A polypeptide that folds into a 3-D structure that has a specific function is called a(n) ___.,
| protein (The picture below shows the different bonds that hold the protein in its folded shape) p77,  |
| Lean meat is highest in the macromolecule group known as ____.,
| protein (from your notes) |
| Organic catalysts (substances that speed up chemical reactions) are known as ___.,
| enzymes p68,  |
| An enzyme ____ a chemical reaction. | speeds up p68, |
| DNA and RNA are types of ____. | nucleic acids p86,
|
| The type of molecule that holds an organism's genetic information is called ___ and belongs in the class of macromolecules known as ____. | DNA, nucleic acids p86,  |
| The monomers of nucleic acids are ____. | nucleotides p86,  ,
|
| DNA is made up of four different types of ____. | nucleotides (Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are the nucleotides in DNA. In RNA, uracil is substituted for thymine. The picture below shows the nitrogenous bases of each which give the nucleotides their names) p88,  |
| The order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule determines the order of ____ in a protein.,
| amino acids p88,  ,
|
| A type of nucleic acid that is usually single-stranded is ___.,
| RNA p88 |
| A type of nucleic acid that is double stranded is ___.,
| DNA p88 |
| Fats, steroids and waxes are classified as ___. | lipids pp74-77 |
| The main function of fats in an animals body is to ____. | store energy for later use (other functions can include insulation of the body using fat that lies just under the skin "subcutaneous fat" and cushioning of the organs inside the body cavity) p76 |
| Red meats, dairy and fried foods are high in the category of macromolecules known as ___. | lipids (from your notes) |
| Phospholipids are major component of the ___. | cell membrane p76,  |
| A major component of cell membranes is a type of lipid called a(n) ___. | phospholipid p76,  |
| The picture below shows the basic structure of a(n) ______., | amino acid (notice that your book shows the amino acids in their ionized form as they would be when dissolved in water) p79, |
| The picture below is showing part of a molecule of _____ which has a ______ shape., | DNA, double helix, |
What is "G" pointing out?,  | An entire nucleotide p87, |
| This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein., | primary structure p82, |
This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein.,  | secondary structure (The one up top is a beta-pleated sheet while the one below is an alpha helix. These are the two different types of secondary structure that proteins can have) p82, |
| This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein., | tertiary structure p83 |
This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein.,  | quaternary structure (notice how the collagen protein, which is a major component of connective tissue, has 3 proteins that form a braid. The alpha-helix structure of the individual proteins give collagen its rubber band-like stretchy characteristics. Old people lose that elasticity in their collagen, leading to wrinkled skin) p83, |
This picture shows the _____ structure of a protein.,  | quaternary structure (This hemoglobin protein is made up of four intertwining polypeptide chains. As the oxygen carrying molecule in red blood cells, hemoglobin also has 4 heme groups with iron at the center to bind directly to oxygen) p83 |
The picture below shows a molecule of _____ which is made of ____ bonded to _____.,  | fat (a.k.a. - a triglyceride), made of glycerol bonded to three fatty acids p75, |
| Which macromolecule stores more than twice as much energy per gram compared to the other categories? | Lipids (They have about 9 kilocalories per gram compared with 4 for carbohydrates and proteins) ** see your notes |
| What is the molecular formula of a hexose sugar such as glucose? | C6H12O6 (fructose and galactose have the same molecular formula as glucose. Therefore, all three are isomers) p70 |
| What trait do all lipids share? | They are hydrophobic (don't mix well with water) p74 |
| Steroids are a type of _____ made of a carbon skeleton with a(n) ______ structure. | lipid, ring (Some steroids work as hormones which are chemical messengers that travel from one part of the body to another. Most hormones are actually proteins, not lipids like steroids are) p77,  |
| Any chemical agent that selectively speeds up chemical reactions is called a(n) _____. | catalyst (Some catalysts are inorganic, like manganese dioxide which can break down hydrogen peroxide, or the metals inside the catalytic converter that convert harmful exhaust from your car into less harmful gases) p77 |
| How many different amino acids do cells use in order to build their proteins? | 20 p78 |
