| A | B |
|---|
| Behavioral Approach | Psychological perspective concerned with reactions to stimuli; learning as a result of experience. Behaviorists: Ivan Pavlov--classical conditioning of dogs; John Watson--classical aversive conditioning; B. F. Skinner--operant conditioning. |
| Biological Approach | Psychological perspective concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.Perspective taken by neuropsychologists, biopsychologists or biological psychologists, behavioral geneticists, and physiological psychologists. |
| Cognitive Approach | Psychological perspective concerned with how we receive, store, or process information; think or reason; and use language. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky (children). Atkinson-Shiffrin, Ebbinghaus, Kosslyn, Loftus, Tversky, Kahneman. |
| Evolutionary Approach | psychological perspective concerned with how natural selection favored bahaviors that contributed to the survival and spread of our ancestors' genes; Evolutionar Psychologists look at universal behavior shared by all people. |
| Humanistic Approach | Psychological perspective concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perseptions in growth towards one's potential.Humanistic psychologists--Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. |
| Nature-Nurture controversy | The extent to which heredity and the environment each influence behavior. ●Historically, Plato and Descartes believed behavior is inborn and were nativists. ●Aristotle, Locke, Watson, and Skinner believed behavior results from experience. ● We know nature and nurture interact. |
| Psychoanalytic-Psychodynamic Approach | Psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior. Sigmund Freud was the "Father of psychoanalysis". Psychodynamic psychologists--Jung, Adler, Horne, Kohut. |
| Psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes, where behavior is anything you do that can be observed, and mental processes are your internal experiences such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions |
| School of Functionalism | Early psychological perspective concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment. Functionalists included William James (author of Principles of Psychology) and Mary Whiton Calkins. |
| School of Structuralism | Early psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection. Structuralists included Wilhelm Wundt, G. Stanley Hall, Edward Titchener, and Margaret Floy Washburn. |
| Sociocultural Approach | Psychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior. Social psychologists include Milgram, Asch, Zimbardo, Sherif, Aronson and Gonzalez, Festinger, Latane and Darley, Rosenthal, and Steele. |
| Subfields-Divisions of Psychology | Psychologists specialize in different domains. Clinical psychologists treat disorders; counseling psychologists help people adapt to change; psychometricians collect and analyze data; experimental psychologists add new knowledge. |
