| A | B |
|---|
| Photosynthesis | Plants use energy from sunlight to make food |
| Cuticles | Waxy layer that coats the surface of plants |
| Cell Wall | Supports & protects plant cells |
| Sporophyte | Plants make new spores that grow into new plants |
| Gametophyte | Females produce eggs/ Male produce sperm |
| Reproduction | Sporophyte & Gametophyte |
| Plant Classification | Vascular & Nonvascular |
| Nonvascular | Plants that do not have specialized tissue |
| Vascular | Plants that have specialized tissue to move nutrients & water thru the plant |
| 3 types of vascular plants | Seedless, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms |
| Seedless plants | Grow in many places/ cold artic to tropical rainforest |
| Gymnosperms | Non-flowering seed plants |
| Angiosperm | Flowering seed plants |
| Examples of nonvascular plants | Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts |
| Rhizoid of nonvascular plant | root-like structure that holds plants in place |
| Nonvascular plants | Have no "TRUE" Stems, Roots, or Leaves |
| Nonvascular plants importance | 1st plants to live in a new environment- hold soil in place-reduce soil erosion-animals eat or use for nesting-form soil |
| Examples of seedless vascular plants | Ferns, Horsetails, Club Mosses |
| Rhizome of seedless vascular plants | an underground stem from which new leaves & roots grow |
| Seedless vascular plants importance | Help form soil-prevent soil erosion-food source-shampoo's & skin- care products |
| Seedless vascular most important role | Forms coal that is used for energy |
| 3 parts of the structure of seed plants | Young plant, stored food, seed coat |
| Advantages of seed plants | have stored food & can be spread by animals |
| Importance of Gymnosperms | Building materials, paper, resin, anti cancer drugs |
| Cone | Usually protects seeds in Gymnosperms |
| 2 types of angiosperms | Monocots & Dicots |
| Monocots | 1 cotyledon-leaves have parallel veins-flowers in parts of 3's-vascular tissue scattered |
| Dicots | 2 cotyledons- leaves with branching veins-flowers in 4 or 5 parts- vascular tissues in a ring |
| Importance of Angiosperms | Provide land animals with food, food crops, building materials, clothing, medicine, rubber, perfumes |
| 5 structures of seed plants | Vascular Tissue, Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers |
| Vascular Tissue | Reproductive System-tissues of the root & shoot systems connected |
| Xylem | Vascular tissue that transports water & minerals thru the plant |
| Phloem | Vascular tissue that transports food molecules to all parts of the plant |
| Functions of roots | Absorbs water & minerals, holds plant in soil, stores surplus food |
| Structure of roots | Epidermis, root hairs, root cap |
| Systems of the root | Taproot, Fibrous root |
| Epidermis | Layer of cells that cover the surface of roots |
| Root Hairs | Increase the surface area for absorbing H2O |
| Root Cap | A group of cells that protect the top of the root |
| Taproot | One main root |
| Fibrous Root | Several roots spread out from the base of the plant |
| Functions of stems | Support body, transport materials, store minerals |
| Types of stems | Herbaceous & Woody |
| Herbaceous stems | Thin, flexable, & soft |
| Woody stems | Rigid, & made of wood or bark |
| Function of leaves | Make food,absorb carbon dioxide from the air, capture energy from the sun |
| Four layers of the leaf | Upper Epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, lower epidermis |
| Cuticle | Prevents water loss from leaf |
| Stomata | Tiny openings in the epidermis |
| Epidermis | A single layer of cells under the cuticle that light passes thru |
| Palisade Layer | Layer of cells that contain many chloroplast |
| Spongy Layer | Layer of cells where carbon dioxide moves freely |
| Guard Cells | Cells that open & close the stomata |
| Leaf adaptations | Spines to keep animals from eating or modified to catch insects |
| Function of flowers | Adaptations for sexual reproduction |
| Structure of flowers | Sepals, Petals, Stamen, & Pistil |
| Sepal | Protects the bud/ outermost ring |
| Petals | Broad flat leaf-like/ attracts insects & animals |
| Stamen | Male reproductive structure |
| Filament | Thin stalk of the stamen |
| Anther | Sac-like structure/ produces pollen |
| Pistil | Female reproductive structure |
| Stigma | Tip of the pistil/ collects pollen |
| Style | Long slender part of the pistil |
| Ovary | Rounded base of the pistil/ contains one or more ovules |
| Pollenation | Pollen is moved from anthers to stigmas |
| Fertilization | Sperm fuses with the egg inside ovule |
