| A | B |
|---|
| absolute monarchy | system of governmeent in which the ruler determines policy without consulting either the people or their representatives. |
| compass | navigation insturment, includes a magnetized piece of metal that points to the north. |
| astrolabe | important navgataion instument; applied astronomy and geometry to sailors to determine relative apprent height of stars and planets. |
| latitude | distance north of south of the equator; used by sailors in navigation. |
| Galley | ship used along the coastal plains; powered by 50-60 slavess; impractical to travel large distances. |
| commerical revolution | period in Europe when changes in economy were very extensive. |
| Joint-Stock Company | buisness organization in which merchants combined their resources |
| mercantilism | new economic theory that a country should do all possible to increase weath of nation |
| favorable balance of trade | gaining wealth by selling more goods than it buys in foreign countries |
| tariffs | import taxes on foreign goods |
| subsides | a government grant of money |
| treaty of tordesillas | this divided all newly discovered lands for spain and portugal |
| Triangular trade | system of trade involving 3 stages, one of wich was the transatlantic slave trade |
| middle passage | 2nd stage of the triangular trade involving the shipping of slaves across the atlantic ocean to the americas |
| prince henry the navigator | hoped to aquire gold for portugal and to start a crusade against the muslims in africa; memeber of the portuguese royal family |
| Bartholemeu Diaz | sailed around the Cape of Good hope which he names the cape of storms |
| Vasco de gama | sailed beyond the Cape of Good hope eastward across the indian ocean, landing in India in 1498 |
| Amerigo Vespucci | a navigator from Florence. b/n 1497- 1503 he took part in several spanish and portuguese explorations. He was convinced that the Hew world ws not part of asia. The new world later got the name america after his name |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | a spainard in 1513 he reached a vas amount of water that was later called the pacific ocean |
| Ferdinand Magellan | a portuguese navigator that sailed for spain. he proved that hte new world was no part of asia. he naemd it the pacific ocean |
| Joan Sebastian de Elcano | led Magella's crew back to spain in 1552 |
| vicerous | representatives of hte Spainsh monarch in Spain's colonial empire |
| guerilla welfare | military technique relying on swift raids by small bands of soilders |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | sailed northward in 1513 and explored what is today Florida |
| Hernan Cortes | he invaded Mexico, after seizing the Aztec ruler Moctezuma, Cortes captured and destory the great Aztec city of Tenochititlan- on the ruins of which the Spanish built Mexico City and eventually conqured the entire aztec empire |
| moctezuma | the aztec ruler captured by hernan cortes |
| francisco pizarro | led an expedition of 180 men & 37 horses from the Isthmus of Panama to the Inca Empire in what is now Peru & in 1532 seized it for spain. |
| charles v | was a member lead Charles to the Spainish throne in 1516. Three years later, he was elected Holy Roman Empire, although he was the first king named charles to rule Spain, he was the fifth charles with the title Holy Roman Emperor. |
| Phillip II | was born and educated in Spain. he ruled until his death in 1598. Philip buit a new royal residence, El Escorial, 25 miles from Madrid. He made the central government responsible only to king |
| tax farming | selling the right to collect taxes to private individuals called tax farmers |
| intendants | regional adminstators of a French province |
| divine right of kings | belief that god ordained certain individuals to govern |
| balance of power | principle of maintaining equilibrium in international politics |
| Marie de medici | louis XIII's mother; became ruler of France until louis came of age |
| cardinal richelieu | louis' chief minister who ran the government of France from 1624 until 1642 |
| Cardinal mazarin | richelieu's successor. He crushed the Fronde |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | an expert in fianance, a memeber of the middle class, & followed sully's ideas in promoting economic development. he also tried to eliminate cooruption and waste in the tax faming system |
| Jacques Cartier | french explorere who made several voyages to N. America |
| Rene Robert de la salle | b/n 1679 & 1682 he sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire region of N. America for France |
| peter the great | ruled russia; more than 6½ feet tall. he had a violent temper and was capable of great cruelty his major goal was to enable russia to end its land locked situation and aquire arm water ports on the Sea of Azor and the Black sea |
| catherine the great | a princess from a smalller german state. her foreign policy made her great. In a successful war against the Turks, Cahterine won control of most of the northern shore of the Black Sea and a protectorate over the crimea |
| Maria Theresa | when her father, Charles Vi, died, she was the only child left. she inherited austria as well as other habsburg lands |
| the great elector | fredrick william, guided his state through the difficult last years of hte thirty years war |
| Fredrick william I | disliked french ways instensely adn god rid of much of htis luxury when he became king in 1713. he used the money he saved to strengthen russia |
| Fredick the great | son of frederick william I. he proved to be an even stronger ruler than his father. he was highly intelligent & he was aslo dedicated to expanding the territory and prestige of prussia |
