| A | B |
|---|
| nation | a people occupying the same country, under the same government, and usually speaking the same language |
| nationalism | patriotic feelings or efforts; desire and plans for national independence |
| patriotism | love and loyal support of one's country |
| feudalism | the social, economic and political system of western Europe in the Middle Ages |
| civil servants | government workers who handled money matters, military affairs and legal problems |
| William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who conquered England at the battle of Hastings in 1066 and was king of England from 1066 to 1087 |
| "Domesday Book" | a list of all property owned by the people in 11th century England |
| Henry II | king of England from 115401189 and first of the Plantagenet line of kings |
| common law | law based on custom and usage and confirmed by the decisions of judges |
| jury system | a group of people who hear evidence and decide on the guilt or innocence of the accused |
| Magna Carta | the great charter forcibly secured from King John in 1215 that provided a basis for guaranteeing the personal and political liberties on the people of England and placed the king under the rule of the law |
| Parliament | in Great Britain, the national lawmaking body, consisting of the house of Lords and House of Commons |
| Wars of the Roses | wars in England between the House of York and the House of Lancaster over the throne |
| Louis VI | first Capetian king to gain control over the other nobles in France |
| Saint Louis | French king who led his knights in the Crusades and was taken prisoner by the Muslims |
| Flanders | a region in norhtern Europe; France and England fought over it for many years |
| Hundred Years' War | series of wars bewteen England and France from 1337-1453 |
| Joan of Arc | French heroine who led armies against the invading English and saved the city of Orleans; condemned as a witch and burned |
| Iberian Peninsula | a peninsula in southwestern Europe bordered by Medeterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and containing Spain, Portugal and Andorra |
| Reconquista | a series of campaigns to drive the Moors out of Spain and Portugal, ending in 1492 |
| Inquisition | court appointed by the Roman Catholic Church in the 1200s to discuver and suppress heresy |
| Magyars | tribes from west of the Ural Mountains who settled along the Danube River and formed the kingdom of Hungary |
| Otto the Great | one of the strongest German kings until he tried to take over Italy |
| Holy Roman Empire | a loose organization of nations in central Europe |
| Frederick Barbarossa | "red beard" who unsuccessfully tried to take over the Italian city-states |
