| A | B |
|---|
| cuticle | waxy, watertight outer covering of aboveground parts of a plant |
| stomata | specialized pores in plant cuticles that enable gas exchange to occur |
| guard cells | pair of specialized cells that border a stoma |
| vascular system | in plants, tissues that transport water and other molecules |
| alternation of generations | life cycle in which a haploid individual alternates with a diploid individual |
| archegonia | reproductive structure in seedless plants that produces eggs by mitosis |
| antheridium | reproductive structures in seedless plants that produce sperm by mitosis |
| vascular tissue | group of specialized cells that distribute water and carbohydrates |
| sporangium | spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis |
| phloem | in plants, soft-walled vascular cells that conduct carbohydrates throughout the plant |
| xylem | in plants, hard-walled cells that transport water and dissolved minerals up from the roots |
| meristem | region of actively-dividing undifferentiated plant cells that are capable of developing into specialized plant tissues |
| shoot | aboveground portion of a plant |
| root | underground portion of a plant |
| frond | long, highly divided leaf of ferns |
| gymnosperm | seed plant that produces seeds that do not develop within a fruit |
| angiosperm | seed plant that reproduces by flowers, which produce seeds within an ovary |
| microgametophyte | male gametophyte of seed plants |
| megagametophyte | female gametophyte of seed plants |
| microspore | spore that grows into a microgametophyte |
| pollen grain | structure, consisting of a few haploid cells surrounded by a thick protective wall, that contains a plant's male gamete |
| ovule | sporophyte structure of a seed plant in which a megaspore forms and develops into megagametophyte, from which a seed forms |
| pollination | in flowering plants, transportation of pollen grains from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure |
| pollen tube | structure growing from the pollen grain to an ovule, enabling a sperm to pass directly to an egg |
| conifer | gymnosperm that produces seeds in cones |
| seed | a plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat |
| seed coat | the covering of a seed |
| calyx | outermost whorl of a flower; the sepals |
| sepal | a modified leaf that is part of the calyx of a flower |
| corolla | whorl of flower that consists of the petals |
| androecium | part of a flower that produces male gametes, or pollen grains |
| stamen | male reproductive structure of the flowering plant |
| filament | stalk of a stamen |
| anther | the sac at the tip of the stamen in which pollen grains are formed |
| gynoecium | part of the flower that houses the female gametophytes; the pistils, collectively |
| pistil | seed-producing part of the flower, including the ovary, style, and stigma |
| ovary | of flowering plants, hollow structure at the lower part of the pistil that contains the ovules |
| style | stalk rising from the ovary of a pistil |
| stigma | swollen, sticky tip of pistil on which pollen lands and adheres |
| complete flower | flower that has all four whorls of appendages--sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils |
| perfect flower | one that has both stamens and pistils |
| imperfect flower | flower that lacks either a gynoecium or an androecium |
| incomplete flower | flower that lacks any one of the floral whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, or gynocium |
| endosperm | highly nutritious tissue developed by the seeds of angiosperms |
| cotyledon | leaflike structure of a plant enbryo in which food is stored |
| dicot | dicotyledon; angiosperm that has seeds with two cotyledons |
| monocots | monocotyledons; angiosperms with seeds that have a single cotyledon |
| double fertilization | process by which two sperm fuse with cells of the megagametophyte, producing both a zygote and an endosperm |
| fruit | a mature ovary that contains one or more seeds |
