| A | B |
|---|
| affluent: | wealthy, rich, having plenty. |
| artificial earth satellite: | a human-made object placed into orbit abound the earth. |
| automation: | a system, as in manufacturing, in which all or many steps in production are carried out or controlled by self-operating machines. |
| baby boom: | a period of increased birth rate in the U.S. following World War II. |
| Black Muslims: | a black organization which urged blacks to separate themselves from white society and to follow the laws of the Koran. |
| "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas": | a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court declared that laws requiring racial segregation in public schools were unconstitutional. |
| civil disobedience: | resistance to governmental authority aimed at forcing that authority to change policies believed to be wrong. |
| Civil Rights Movement, Modern: | a renewed effort, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, by blacks and their supporters to gain for blacks equality under the law. |
| de facto segregation: | segregation caused by existing social circumstances, such as separate living patterns, but not segregation caused by specific laws. |
| de jure segregation: | segregation required by law. |
| discrimination: | attitudes or laws that deny equal rights to certain groups of people. |
| "Engel v. Vitale" (1962): | a case in which the Supreme Court declared that state laws requiring prayers in public schools violated the 1st Amendment. |
| Founding Fathers: | a name given to members of the Philadelphia Convention (1787) who wrote the U.S. Constitution, also called Framers. |
| Fourteenth Amendment (1868): | a change to the Constitution which granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. It also said that states could not take away the rights of citizens or deny them equal treatment (equal protection of the law). |
| Geneva Accords (1954): | an agreement ending the war between the French and rebelling natives of French Indochina which. Among other provisions, it called for French withdrawal from Indochina and for the temporary division of Vietnam into northern and southern zones. |
| integration: | the removal of laws or other barriers that separate different groups, such as races. |
| intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): | a long-range, guided missile. |
| interstate highway system: | a system, begun during the Eisenhower administration, of limited-access, super highways which criss-cross the U.S. |
| literacy test: | a test used to determine reading and writing ability and used between the late 1800s and 1965 by some states to determine voter eligibility. |
| living Constitution: | term used to describe the flexible nature of U.S. law which allows Americans to adapt the law to changing conditions. |
| middle-of-the-road: | expression used to describe the moderate position of the Eisenhower administration on economic and social affairs. |
| Modern Republicanism: | a term used to describe the increasing willingness of Republicans of the post-World War II period to reject "old fashioned" laissez-faire Republican policies of the 1920s and accept the need for moderate, federal regulation of the economy. |
| Montgomery bus boycott (1955): | the refusal by blacks in Montgomery, Alabama to ride city buses until city ordinances discriminating against black bus passengers were repealed. |
| NAACP: | the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, commonly called the NAACP, founded in 1909, whose goal was to work for black people's civil rights. |
| peaceful coexistence: | a term, usually accredited to Nikita Khrushchev, describing the view that socialist and capitalist nations could live together peacefully and compete only in economic matters. |
| "Plessy v. Ferguson" (1896): | a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court decided that state laws which segregated races did not violate the equal-protection clause of the 14th Amendment as long as separate facilities provided for each race were equal -- a ruling often referred to as the "separate-but-equal" decision. This case was overturned by the Brown case. |
| racial segregation: | to set apart or separate one or more races from others. |
| Soviet satellite: | one of the countries near to or bordering the Soviet Union whose government is either controlled or strongly influenced by the Soviet Union. |
| tax base: | that which can be taxed, such as taxable real estate. |
| U-2 spy plane: | U.S. military aircraft designed to fly at high altitudes and take photographs of objects on the earth's surface. |
| Viet Cong: | communist rebels, native to southern parts of Vietnam, who fought against the anti-communist government of South Vietnam between 1956 and 1975. |
| wage-price freeze: | A government freeze on increases in the wages of workers and prices of goods. |
