| A | B |
|---|
| motivation | behavior to satisfy a need |
| motive | goal |
| drive | goal-directed tendency |
| primary drive | innate and essential for survival |
| secondary drive | learned drive |
| stimulus | innate and not necessary for survival |
| instinct | unchanging behavior observed in species |
| ethologist | studies instinct as motivation for survival |
| internal cues for hunger and thirst | physical hunger or thirst |
| external cues for hunger or thirst | cues from the environment to stimulate one to eat (smell, depression, boredom, etc.) |
| set point | regulating mechanism of the body, body's "natural weight" |
| Schacter study | study that proves external cue eaters do not listen to their body |
| Harry Harlow | studied rhesus monkeys and surrogates to show a need for contact comfort |
| high achievers | take individual responsibility for actions; set long term goals; socialize well |
| low achievers | avoid opportunities to achieve; do not take responsibility |
| David McClelland | popularized thematic apperception test to measure need for achievement |
| approach-avoidance conflict | need to make a decision which has both positive and negative factors |
| Matina Horner | studied achievement in women; found they had a fear of success |
| Yerkes Dodson Law | there is an optimal level of arousal for every activity; the inverted U |
| Incentive Theory of Motivation | motivation is intrinsic or extrinsic |
| intrinsic | motivate yourself/sustained behavior |
| extrinsic | some tangible reward/approval and money |
| Arousal theory of Motivation/Yerkes Dodson Law | optimum level of arousal for one to accomplish a task; difficult, optimum level low; easy task, optimum level high |
| Drive-Reduction Theory/Clark-Hall | need (physiological)-->drive-->response-->goal-->homeostasis; all behavior can be traced back to a biological need |
| fear of success | affects women's need to achieve; women worry about being successful and its pitfalls, therefore they do not achieve at high levels |
| cognitive dissonance | belief is different from behavior, change belief or behavior |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | behavior is reflected in how one meets needs (5 needs in order) |
| Physiological | food, water, and other survival needs |
| Safety | shelter, clothing, health, emotional and financial security |
| Love and Belongingness | psychological need to associate and connect to other people |
| Esteem | feeling worthwhile, confident, honorable |
| self-actualization | fulfilling one's potential accept others and accept oneself/reach out to community before oneself |
| Emotions | Bodily arousal; observable behaviors; cognitive behaviors; subjective feelings |
| Plutchik | 8 primary emotions we experience by age two; surprise, disgust, joy, acceptance, anger, fear, anticipation, sadness |
| Ekman | universitality in facial expression, neural circuitry allows us to differentiate positive and negative emotions |
| general adaptation syndrome/Seyles | experience stress in three stages |
| alarm reaction | body coping with stress; muscles tense, autonomic system |
| resistance | fight stress and endure it; body damaged; stress-related problems |
| exhaustion | body giving up; ulcers; heart attacks |
| Personality types | respond to stress according to personality type A or B |
| Type A | rigid, anxious, inflexible, organized, impatient, aggressive |
| Type B | relaxed, less anxious, laid-back |
| Galvanic skin response (GSR) | electrodes taped to fingertips and send current which is either resisted or conducted; relaxed-resist; emotional-conduct |
| Pupil | pleasant-bigger pupils; unpleasant-smaller pupils |
| Polygraph | lie detector test ; measures bodily changes (pulse, blood pressure, GSR) done by trained evaluator who asks series of yes/no questions |
| James Lange | contends experience emotion by interpreting bodily responses |
| Cannon Bard | believes the body changes and understands emotions simultaneously |
| Shacter Cognitive Theory/2 Factor theory | experiencing bodily changes but interpret the emotion by putting them in context using cognition |
| contact comfort | need for people to be touched, held, stroked in order to develop in a healthy emotional way; based on Harlow studies |
| fixed action pattern | chain of instinctive behaviors which leads to complex behaviors (i.e. mating, salmon upstream, birds flying south) |
| double approach avoidance | 2 situations involving several alt courses of action that have both positives and negatives |
| avoidance-avoidance | situation involving 2 negative options; one we must choose |
| approach-approach | situation involving tow positive choice; only can have one |
| facial expression | Ekman's work suggests that there is universal recognition, but different cultures have different rules for showing emotions |
| Kinsey; Masters and Johnson | sex researchers |
| sexual response cycle | excitment, plateau, orgasm, resolution |
| spillover effect | arousal from one event can influence response to another |
| psychophysiological illness | stress related illnesses: high blood pressure, etc |
| facial feedback hypothesis | facial expression triggers experience of emotions |
| behavior feedback phenomenon | going through motions awaken emotions |
| display rules | corss cultural guidelines for how and whne to express emotions |
| ostracism | feeling left out |
| grit | passionate determination for long term goals |
| Type D | supress negative emotions to avoid social disapproval |
| Rotter | locus of control |
| internal locus of control | your actions make a difference |
| external locus of control | your environment has greater control in what happens to you than you do |
| Zajonc | some emotions require no thinking |
