| A | B |
|---|
| Clergy | all the members of the Church hierarchy |
| Sacraments | important religious ceremonies and blessings |
| Cannon law | Church law; rules by which all European Christians were to live |
| Holy Roman Empire | a name first used by Fredrick I (“Fredrick Barbarossa”), a German-Italian empire, created by Otto I, lasted between 962 and about 1100, a patchwork of German feudal territories, located mostly in central Europe and northern Italy |
| Lay investiture | the practice of clergy positions being sold or appointed by noble or kings |
| Church and State | the two most important institutions in Europe of the Middle Ages |
| Interdiction | an entire region or kingdom being banned from the sacraments of the Church |
| Excommunication | banished from the Church |
| Otto I | crowned in 936, known as “The Great”, known as the most effective medieval ruler of the German states |
| Pope Gregory VII | a Church reformer, banned lay investiture in 1075 |
| Henry IV | a German emperor, ordered Pope Gregory VII to step-down from the papacy; was excommunicated; was forgiven. |
| Canossa | tiny Italian town; in 1077, location where Henry IV begged for forgiveness |
| Concordat of Worms | an agreement between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV that ended the practice of lay investiture but the emperor retained the right to veto appointment to bishops |
| Frederick I | known as “Barbarossa” for his red beard, gain power after being elected among the German princes in 1152; brutal tactics on merchants led to the creation of the Lombard League |
| Lombard League | an Italian alliance of merchants to protect their markets and shipments from abusive taxation and seizure |
