| A | B |
|---|
| Crust | outer layer of the Earth |
| Lithosphere | Earth layer made of the top of the mantle and the bottom of the crust |
| Asthenosphere | Tar-like Earth layer that is part of the mantle |
| Outer core | molten metal layer with convection currents |
| Inner core | hottest layer of the Earth |
| Basalt | rock type that makes up the oceanic crust |
| Granite | Rock type that makes up continental crust |
| Heat transfer | Heat moving from a warm area to a cool area |
| Radiation | Heat transfer through empty space |
| Convection | The cause of plate tectonics, continental drift and sea-floor spreading |
| Conduction | Heat transfer through direct contact |
| Continental drift | Wegener's idea that the continents moved slowly to their present locations |
| Pangaea | the supercontinent |
| Mid-ocean ridge | huge, underwater mountain range |
| SONAR | device using sound waves to map underwater |
| Sea-floor spreading | process that adds new land to the ocean floor |
| subduction | Process where old rock sinks back into the Earth |
| Trench | location where subducts takes place |
| Plate | Huge chunk of crust that can move |
| Plate tectonics | Theory that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move |
| Divergent | Plate boundary where 2 plates move apart |
| Convergent | Plate boundary where 2 plates move towards each other |
| Transform | Plate boundary where 2 plates move sideways past each other |
| Tension | Stress type that causes a normal fault |
| Compression | Stress type that causes a reverse fault |
| Shearing | Stress type that causes a strike-slip fault |
| Focus | location where rocks broke underground causing and earthquake |
| Epicenter | location on the surface above the focus |
| P wave | waves that compresses and expands |
| S wave | wave that can not move through liquids |
| Surface wave | Siesmic wave that causes the most damage |
| Seismograph | instrument that records the size of earthquake waves |
| Richter scale | Scale of an earthquakes size based on seismic wave strength |
| Mercalli scale | scale based on damage seen in an earthquake at one location |
| Tsunami | giant wave caused by underwater earthquakes |
| afterschock | small quakes after the main quake |
| Ring of Fire | belt around the Pacific Ocean with volcanic activity |
| Hot Spot | Location where magma burns through the crust, like Hawaii |
| Volcano | opening in the crust where magma comes to the surface |
| Magma | Molten rock inside the Earth |
| Lava | Molten rock on the Earth's surface |
| Rock Cycle | processes that turn one rock type into another rock type |
| Sedimentary Rock | Rock formed from erosion and deposition |
| Metamorphic Rock | Rock formed from heat and pressure |
| Igneous Rock | Rock formed from magma and lava |
| Destructive force | force that breaks down or destroys |
| Constructive force | force that builds up |
| Deposition | sediments settling out of wind and water |
| Fault | a break in the Earth's crust where rocks slide past each other |
