| A | B |
|---|
| Quraysh | tribe that Umayyad and Muhammad was from |
| Sassanian | Last Hellenistic empire in old Persian lands -would fall to Muslims |
| Kahdijah | wife of Muhammad |
| hijra | Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina (year zero is Muslim calendar) |
| Qur'an | Holy book of Islam |
| Hadiths | Muhammad's saying...example |
| Sharia | Islamic laws |
| Yathrib | became Medina |
| umma | religious community of Islam that transcended bedouin clan lines |
| zakat | religious tax for charity |
| Ramadan | fasting |
| Five Pillars | principles that should be accepted and followed by Muslims |
| hajj | go to Mecca once duirng your life |
| Ridda Wars | wars to bring back into the fold tribes that renounced Islam after the death of Muhammad |
| Coptics | cut of Christians in Africa (Egypt and Ethiopia) |
| jihads | holy wars -typically internal type of cleansing |
| Sunni | Umayyads-any good Muslim could become the leader |
| Shi'ites | Descendent of Muhammad-especially Ali |
| Nestorians | Christian group |
| Byzantine Empire | Eastern part of the Roman Empire that continued after its fall and fought both the Sassaind and the Muslims |
| Crusades | 1096-1291 to retake lands from the Muslims (retake holy land) |
| Saladin | United Muslim world during the Crusades to fight off Christians |
| taffeta, muslin, damask, fustian | fabrics -see Muslim world awesome in the textile trade |
| Damascus | capital under Umayyads |
| mawali | converts to Islam (only treated as equals under Abbasids) |
| dhimmi | people of the book -Christians and Jews and even later Hindus and Buddhists |
| jizya | head tax on non-believers |
| Baghdad | capital of Abbasids |
| Umayyads | ruled 661-750 -much expansion |
| Abbasids | 750-945 economics up and conversion up |
| Buyids | Strong Persian family who in 945 took over Abbasids rule (shi'ite) |
| Seljuk Turks | Turkish family that took over Abbasid rule in 1055 -not open to lots of Christian pilgrims which in part led to the Crusades |
| Mongols | 1258 sacked Baghdad and killed last caplih (king) |
| Mamalukes | stoopped the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 |
| Wazir | chief administor of the Abbasid government |
| dhows | ships of the Muslims that had lateen sails and could get around the Indian Ocean much easier -yeah increased trade :) |
| Ayan | rich land owners |
| Dome of the Rock | where Muhammad went to heaven |
| Ka'ba | shrine built by Abraham and polluted over time and then restored by Muhammad |
| harem | concubines -group of women enslaved to the king or rich guy in order to have his babies |
| Rubaiyat | literature of Persian by Omar Khayyam |
| Shah-Nama | Persian literature by Firdawsi |
| Ulama | religious conservative community of Islam |
| al-Ghazali | Islamic theologian |
| Sufis | Islamic missionary mystics |
| Hulegu | leader of the Mongols who invaded Muslim lands and sacked Baghdad |
| eqalitarian | equal-all equal before the eyes of God in Islam |
| Muhammad ibn Qasim | 17 yr old general who conquered the Sind kingdom under the Umayyads |
| Mahmud of Ghazni | from slave army sent to Afghanistan -led raids into northern India |
| Muhammad of Ghur | 1100s took over lands of northern India-from slave army in Afghanistan |
| Qutb-ud-din Aikab | 1206 slave army from Afrghanistan-after assassination of Muhammad of Ghur became first sultan (king) of Delhi Sultanate of North India |
| Delhi Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in north India started by slaves -slave dynasty |
| Bhakti cults | religious groups in Hinduism started to combat Islam and its appeal to lower caste members |
| Shrivijaya | Buddhist family who had an empire in Southeast Asia until the 1200s-their fall allowed for the spread of Islam into the area |
| caravanseai | inns built along trade routes in Islamic lands to faciliate trade |
| camel | animal used to increase trade in Northern Africa |
| checks | Islamic world started so merchants could be safer and not have to carry around all that money |
| guilds | Muslim merchants started these (like unions) to protect their industry, set wages, and set prices |
| Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of Muhammad |
| Uthman | third caliph -killed b/c from the Umayyads and nothing done by Ali (4th caliph) so war broke out and eventually the sunni and shia split |
| battle of Siffin | Ali stopped fighting b/c prayers from Umayyads sent over in the middle of the battle and then everyone thought he was weak and some renounced his leadership and then he was assassinated in 661 |
| battel of River Zab | Umayyads lose to Abbasids |
| al abbass al saffha | blood shedder!!! |
