| A | B |
|---|
| Adaptation | (3) The process by which organisms cope with environmental stresses. |
| Anthropology | (2) The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors. |
| Applied Anthropology | (12) The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems. |
| Archaeological Anthropology | (7) The branch of anthropology that reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains; best known for the study of prehistory. Also known as "archaeology." |
| Biocultural | (5) Referring to the inclusion and combination (to solve a common problem) of both biological and cultural approaches—one of anthropology's hallmarks. |
| Biological (or physical) Anthropology | (10) The branch of anthropology that studies human biological diversity in time and space—for instance, hominid evolution, human genetics, human biological adaptation; also includes primatology (behavior and evolution of monkeys and apes). Also called physical anthropology. |
| Cultural Anthropology | (7) The study of human society and culture; describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences. |
| Cultural Resource Management | (CRM) (15) The branch of applied archaeology aimed at preserving sites threatened by dams, highways, and other projects. |
| Cultures | (2) Traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs; distinctly human; transmitted through learning. |
| Ethnography | (7) Field work in a particular culture. |
| Ethnology | (7) The theoretical, comparative study of society and culture; compares cultures in time and space. |
| Food Production | (4) Plant cultivation and animal domestication. |
| General Anthropology | (4) The field of anthropology as a whole, consisting of cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology. |
| Holistic | (2) Interested in the whole of the human condition past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture. |
| Linguistic Anthropology | (11) The branch of anthropology that studies linguistic variation in time and space, including interrelations between language and culture; includes historical linguistics and sociolinguistics. |
| Science | (11) A systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world. |
| Society | (2) Organized life in groups; typical of human and other animals |
| Sociolinguistics | (11) Study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context. |
| (EXTRA) Natural Selection | (EXTRA) Originally formulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace; the process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment, such as the tropics. |
| (EXTRA) Phenotype | (EXTRA) An organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"—anatomy and physiology. |
| (EXTRA) Racial Classification | (EXTRA) The attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry. |
| (EXTRA) Tropics | (EXTRA) Geographic belt extending about 23 degrees north and south of the equator, between the Tropic of Cancer (north) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south). |
| Assimilation | (251) The process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit. |
| Cultural Colonialism | (257) Within a nation or empire, domination by one ethnic group or nationality and its culture/ ideology over others—e.g., the dominance of Russian people, language, and culture in the former Soviet Union. |
| Descent | (243) Rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestry. |
| Discrimination | (255) Policies and practices that harm a group and its members. |
| Ethnic Group | (230) Group distinguished by cultural similarities (shared among members of that group) and differences (between that group and others); ethnic group members share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms, and a common language, religion, history, geography, kinship, and/or race. |
| Ethnicity | (231) Identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation. |
| Ethnocide | (257) Destruction by a dominant group of the culture of an ethnic group. |
| Genocide | (257) Policies aimed at, and/or resulting in, the physical extinction (through mass murder) of a people perceived as a racial group, that is, as sharing defining physical, genetic, or other biological characteristics. |
| Hypodescent | (243) A rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group. |
| Majority Groups | (232) Superordinate, dominant, or controlling groups in a social-political hierarchy. |
| Minority Groups | (232) Subordinate groups in a social–political hierarchy, with inferior power and less secure access to resources than majority groups have. |
| Multiculturalism | (252) The view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant (national) culture, but also into an ethnic culture. |
| Nation | (249) Once a synonym for "ethnic group," designating a single culture sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship; now usually a synonym for "state" or "nation-state." |
| Nationalities | (250) Ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status (their own country). |
| Nation-State | (249) An autonomous political entity, a country like the United States or Canada. |
| Natural Selection | (237) Originally formulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace; The process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment, such as the tropics |
| Phenotype | (234) An organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"—anatomy and physiology. |
| Plural Society | (251) A society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization (i.e., use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group), and the economic interdependence of those groups. |
| Prejudice | (255) Devaluing (looking down on) a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes. |
| Race | (233) An ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. |
| Racial Classification | (234) The attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry |
| Racism | (233) Discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. |
| Refugees | (257) People who have been forced (involuntary refugees) or who have chosen (voluntary refugees) to flee a country, to escape persecution or war. |
| Sterotypes | (255) Fixed ideas—often unfavorable—about what members of a group are like. |
| Tropics | (238) Geographic belt extending about 23º north and south of the equator, between the Tropic of Cancer (north) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south) |
| Acculturation | (34) The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct. |
| Core Values | (21) Key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture and help distinguish it from others. |
| Cultural Relativism | (32) The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Anthropology is characterized by methodological rather than moral relativism: In order to understand another culture fully, anthropologists try to understand its members' beliefs and motivations. Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action. |
| Cultural Rights | (32) Doctrine that certain rights are vested not in individuals but in identifiable groups, such as religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies. |
| Diffusion | (34) Borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediaries. |
| Enculturation | (18) The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations. |
| Estrus | (26) Period of maximum sexual receptivity in female baboons, chimpanzees, and other primates, signaled by vaginal area swelling and coloration |
| Ethnocentrism | (31) The tendency to view one's own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one's own standards. |
| Generality | (27) Culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies. |
| Globalization | (34) The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems. |
| Hominids | (23) A member of the taxonomic family that includes humans and the African apes and their immediate ancestors. |
| Hominins | (23) A member of the human lineage after its split from ancestral chimps; used to describe all the human species that ever have existed, including the extinct ones, but excluding chimps and gorillas. |
| Human Rights | (32) Doctrine that invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. Human rights, usually seen as vested in individuals, would include the right to speak freely, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, and not to be enslaved. |
| Independent Invention | (34) Development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances. |
| Intellectual Property Rights | (IPR)(33) Each society's cultural base—its core beliefs and principles. IPR is claimed as a group right—a cultural right, allowing indigenous groups to control who may know and use their collective knowledge and its applications. |
| International Culture | (30) Cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries. |
| National Culture | (30) Cultural experiences, beliefs, learned behavior patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation. |
| Particularity | (27) Distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration. |
| Subcultures | (31) Different cultural symbol-based traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society. |
| Symbol | (18) Something, verbal or non-verbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection. |
| Universal | (27) Something that exists in every culture. |
| Cultural Consultant | (47) Someone the ethnographer gets to know in the field, who teaches him or her about their society and culture, aka informant. |
| Emic | (47) The research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance. |
| Etic | (47) The research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than the natives' explanations, categories, and criteria of significance. |
| Genealogical Method | (46) Procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage, using diagrams and symbols. |
| Informed Consent | (53) An agreement sought by ethnographers from community members to take part in research. |
| Interview Schedule | (45) Ethnographic tool for structuring a formal interview. A prepared form (usually printed or mimeographed) that guides interviews with households or individuals being compared systematically. Contrasts with a questionnaire because the researcher has personal contact and records people's answers. |
| Key Cultural Consultants | (46) An expert on a particular aspect of local life who helps the ethnographer understand that aspect. |
| Life History | (46) Of a cultural consultant; provides a personal cultural portrait of existence or change in a culture. |
| Longitudinal Research | (50) Long-term study of a community, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits. |
| Participant Observation | (42) A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing. |
| Sample | (45) A smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population. |
| Survey Research | (52) Characteristic research procedure among social scientists other than anthropologists. Studies society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection. |
| Variables | (52) Attributes (e.g., sex, age, height, weight) that differ from one person or case to the next. |
| (EXTRA) Complex Societies | Nations; large and populous, with social stratification and central governments. |
| (EXTRA) Random Sample | A sample in which all members of the population have an equal statistical chance of being included. |
| Black English Vernacular | (BEV)(76) A rule-governed dialect of American English with roots in southern English. BEV is spoken by African American youth and by many adults in their casual, intimate speech—sometimes called ebonics. |
| Call Systems | (59) Systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. Tied to environmental stimuli. |
| Cultural Transmission | (61) A basic feature of language; transmission through learning. |
| Daughter Languages | (77) Languages developing out of the same parent language (protolanguage); for example, French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin. |
| Descriptive Linguistics | (65) The scientific study of a spoken language, including its phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax. |
| Diglossia | (72) The existence of "high" (formal) and "low" (familial) dialects of a single language, such as German. |
| Displacement | (62) A linguistic capacity that allows humans to talk about things and events that are not present. |
| Focal Vocabulary | (69) A set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience or activity), such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers. |
| Historical Linguistics | (77) Subdivision of linguistics that studies languages over time. |
| Kinesics | (63) The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions. |
| Lexicon | (65) Vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meaning. |
| Morphology | (65) The study of form; used in linguistics (the study of morphemes and word construction) and for form in general—for example, biomorphology relates to physical form. |
| Phoneme | (66) Significant sound contrast in a language that serves to distinguish meaning, as in minimal pairs. |
| Phonemics | (66) The study of the sound contrasts (phonemes) of a particular language. |
| Phonetics | (66) The study of speech sounds in general; what people actually say in various languages. |
| Phonology | (65) The study of sounds used in speech. |
| Productivity | (61) The ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers; a basic feature of language. |
| Protolanguage | (77) Language ancestral to several daughter languages. |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | (68) Theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking. |
| Semantics | (71) A language's meaning system. |
| Sociolinguistics | (72) Study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context. |
| Style Shifts | (72) Variations in speech in different contexts. |
| Subgroups | (77) Languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related. |
| Syntax | (65) The arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences. |
| Bridewealth | A customary gift before, at, or after marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin; see also progeny price. |
| Caste System | Closed, hereditary system of stratification, often dictated by religion; hierarchical social status is ascribed at birth, so that people are locked into their parents' social position |
| Clan | Unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent. |
| Descent Group | A permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry; fundamental to tribal society. |
| Dowry | A marital exchange in which the wife's group provides substantial gifts to the husband's family. |
| Endogamy | Marriage between people of the same social group. |
| Exogamy | Mating or marriage outside one's kin group; a cultural universal. |
| Extended Family Household | Expanded household including three or more generations. |
| Family | A group of people (e.g., parents, children, siblings, grandparents, grandchildren, uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, cousins, spouses, siblings-in-law, parents-in-law, children-in-law) who are considered to be related in some way, for example, by "blood" (common ancestry or descent) or marriage. |
| Family of Orientation | Nuclear family in which one is born and grows up. |
| Family of Procreation | Nuclear family established when one marries and has children. |
| Incest | Sexual relations with a close relative. |
| Levirate | Custom by which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband. |
| Lineage | Unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent. |
| Matrilineal Descent | Unilineal descent rule in which people join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life. |
| Matrilocality | Customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their mother's community. |
| Neolocality | Postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents. |
| Patrilineal Descent | Unilineal descent rule in which people join the father's group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life. |
| Patrilocality | Customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father's community. |
| Plural Marriages | Marriage of a man to two or more women (polygyny) or marriage of a woman to two or more men (polyandry)—at the same time; see also polygamy. |
| Polyandry | Variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband. |
| Polygamy | Marriage with three or more spouses, at the same time; see also plural marriage. |
| Polygyny | Variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife. |
| Progeny Price | A gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at, or after marriage; legitimizes children born to the woman as members of the husband's descent group. |
| Sororate | Custom by which a widower marries the sister of the deceased wife. |
| Unilineal Descent | Matrilineal or patrilineal descent. |
