| A | B |
|---|
| ABO Blood Groups | Types of blood in humans determined by the i^a, i^b, and i alleles |
| Achondroplasia | Inability to form cartilage in the bone, causes dwarfism where head and torso are "normal", but legs and arms are short |
| alleles | Genes that control characteristics of offspring |
| amniocentesis | Fetal testing (including karyotypes) that allow to check for chromosomal and genetic differences and mutations |
| carrier | The parent of an offspring who has a certain trait |
| character | Trait |
| chorionic villus sampling CVS | Tests placental tissue for chromosomal defects |
| chromosome theory of inheritance | Recieve 26 chromosomes from your parents, 13 from mother, 13 from father |
| codominant | Two traits that both appear in a blended form (ex. red and white flowers having a pink offspring) |
| incomplete dominance | Two traits appearing (ex. brown and white rabbits having spotted offspring) |
| cross | . |
| cross-fertilization | fertilizing the ovaries of one flower with the sperm of another |
| cystic fibrosis CF | Genetic disorder that causes lung, pancreatic, liver, and intestines. Abnormal transport of sodium and chloride across epithium |
| dihybrid cross | Cross of 2 F1 offspring which have 2 differing traits |
| dominant | The allele that will most likely appear in the offspring |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Progressive weakening, degeneration, and eventually death of muscle cells and tissues |
| F1 generation | 1st generation of a cross between 2 parents with differing characteristics |
| f2 generation | The offspring of 2 F1 generation parents |
| genetics | Study of alleles, reproduction, traits, and DNA |
| genotype | Genetic makeup of cell or organism |
| hemophilia | Genetic disorder where blood clots don't form. occurs in 1 in 10000 males |
| heredity | The genes that are inherited |
| herterozygous | contains 2 different alleles. |
| homozygous | Contains 2 of similar alleles |
| Huntington's disease | Neurogentic disorder that affects muscle coordination |
| hybrids | Combination of 2 different species. |
| inbreeding | Reproducing with organisms that are closely related. |
| incomplete dominance | When neither of 2 alleles can dominate, both appear |
| law of independent assortment | Genes are passed independently from parents to offspring |
| law of segregation | Every individual possesses diploid alleles of each trait, can be passed to offspring |
| linkage map | Map of species that shows known genetics |
| linked genes | Genes inherited with other genes, located on the same chromosome. |
| locus (loci) | Location of gene or DNA sequence of a chromosome |
| monohybrid cross | Mating of individuals with different alleles but at least 1 loci of interest. |
| P generation | First set of parents crossed. |
| pedigree | Documents of genealogy |
| phenotype | Composite of organisms physical characteristics |
| pleitropy | 1 gene influencing multiple phenotypical genes. |
| polygenic inhreitance | non allele traits influence a phenotypic trait. |
| Punnett Square | A chart that be used to predict traits by using dominant and recessive alleles |
| recessive | An allele that can only appear when paired with another recessive allele. |
| recombination frequency | How often recombination happens during crossing over |
| red-green colorblindness | Genetic trait where offspring cannot visually see a difference between red and green |
| rule of addition | Can find the probability for by adding to together probabilities |
| rule of multiplication | Probabilities from sperm and egg can be multiplied to find overal probability |
| self-fertilize | A plant using its own sperm to fertilize it's ovaries |
| sex chromosome | Chromosome which determines sex (XX=female, XY=male) |
| sex-linked disease | Genetic disorder where offspring has too many or too few sex chromosomes (such as X or XXY |
| testcross | Breeding an individual with another individual with known recessive traits to see if the first individual's trait is dominant or recessive |
| trait | Characteristic passed from parents to offspring |
| true-breeding. | Parents produce offspring only of the same phenotype |
| ultrasound imaging | Using a device to see a inside of a body without entering it. (used to see fetuses or to see injuries) |
| wild-type traits | Standard genotype for experimental organism. |
| panagenesis theory vs. blending hypothesis | panagenesis- inheritance passed by particles called genules. Blending- 2 genes resulted in a middle ground of the 2 traits |
| true breeding v. hybrids v. P generation v. F1 v. F2 | True breeding- produces same phenotypes, Hybrid- produced some same and some different phenotypes. P- first generation bred. F1- offspring of P generation. F2- offspring of F1 |
| homozygous vs heterozygous | Homozygous- same alleles. Heterozygous- different alleles |
| dominant v. recessive allele | Dominant- will appear regardless of pairing. Recessive- only will appear with another recessive |
| genotype v. phenotype | Genotype- genetic makeup. Phenotype physical characteristics |
| Mendel's law of segregation describes inheritance of a single characteristic | Single alleles are individually distrubuted |
| Mendel's law of independence assortment applies to a dihybrid cross | Genes are passed independently from parents to offspring |
| rule of multiplication and rule of addition can determine the probability of an event | Ex. 1/4 +1/4= 1/2. 1/4*1/4= 1/16 |
| pedigrees can determine inheritance of many human traits. How? | By seeing family history and how traits are passed |
| Fetal testing risks, advantages, disadvantages | Can see chromosomal deformities. Disadvantage- ethical delimas |
| sickle cell is adaptive. How? | Body starts preferentially attacking sickle shaped cells |
| why is skin coloration not sufficiently explained by polygenic inheritance. | Element effects (Sunlight) |
| how are linked gens inherited differently from nonlinked genes | Linked go when their link partner go |
| T.H. Morgan study of crossing over in fruit flies. | Bread gray longwing with black short wind. 4 possibilities, grey SW, black SW, grey LW, black LW |
| Sturtevant created linage maps. How? | Looking at past traits in the family |
| How is sex genetically determined in humans and significane in SRY gene | X and Y chromosomes. XX=female, XY= Male |
| Describe patters of sex linked inheritance | Males receiving hemophilia from mother |
| examples of sex linked disorders | Turner syndrome (monosome X). Kinefelter syndrome (XXY or XXXY) |
| How can y chromosomes be used to trace human ancestry | genetic geneology |
