| A | B |
|---|
| activator | Speeds up reaction, enzyme |
| adult stem cell | non differentiated cells found after maturing |
| alternative RNA splicing | multiple oncones attaching |
| Barr body | Inactive X in females |
| carcinogen | Cancer causing agent |
| clone | Copy of an organism made with egg and nucleous |
| differentiation | Non specific cells developing to become more advanced |
| DNA microarray | Spots of DNA on surface used to observe expression |
| embryonic stem cell (ES cell) | Undeveloped embryos |
| enhancer | Proteins bound to DNA to help speed up reactions |
| epigenitic inheritance | study of how genes are expressed |
| gene regulation | Genes that control multiple genes |
| gene expression | Genes products |
| histone | Protein which DNA is wrapped around |
| homeotic gene | Gene that determines which part of body form body parts |
| microRNAs (miRNAs) | Attaches to messenger RNA |
| nuclear transplantation | Removing nucleus of egg to clone |
| nucleosome | Basic unit of DNA packaging |
| oncogene | Cancer causing gene |
| operator | Part of DNA that transcripts protein bonds |
| operon | Unit of DNA that is cluster of genes |
| promoter | Substance that can activate catalyst to speed reactions |
| proto[oncogene | Normal gene that can mutate and become cancerous |
| regeneration | Growing body parts to replace damaged parts |
| regulatory gene | Gene that controls multiple gene alleles |
| repressor | Binds to an operator to block transcription |
| reproductive cloning | Like Asexual reproduction |
| RNA interference (RNAi) | Living cells moderate genes |
| signal transduction pathway | Molecule activates receptor; 2nd messenger transmit signal to cell |
| silencer | Binds to repressors |
| therateutic cloning | Cloning, taking stem cell from embryo, growing it into organ |
| transcription factor | Protein that binds to particular DNA sequence |
| tumor-suppressor gene | Helps stop 1 stage of cancer |
| X chromosome inactivation | One of 2 X chromosomes is not active |
| Describe and compare the regulatory mechanisms of lac operon. trp operon and operons using activators | / |
| How does selective gene expression yield a variety of cell types in multicellular eukaryotes? | .Controls which genes appear |
| How is DNA packages into chromosomes> | Wrapped around histones |
| How is a cat's tortoiseshell coat pattern formed? | Inactive X |
| Why is this pattern only seen in female cats? | Males only have 1 X |
| How is eukaryotic gene expression controlled? | Wrapped around histones |
| What is process of alternative DNA splicing? | Exons of RNA produced by genes |
| What is the significance of alternative DNA splicing | Exons of RNA produced of genes |
| What is the significance of miRNA molecules? | Bind to messenger RNA |
| How does mRNA breakdown. initiation of translation, protein activation, and protein breakdown regulate gene expression? | Proteins bind to RNA |
| What are the roles of homeotic genes in development? | Controls where the body parts |
| How are DNA microarrays used to study gene activity and treat disease? | Help observe expression |
| How does a signal transduction pathway trigger a specific response inside a target cell? | Signals receptors |
| Compare cell-signalling systems of yeast and animal cells. | . |
| How can nuclear transplantation be used to clone animals? | Put nucleus in egg |
| What are some practical applications of reproductive cloning and the process and goals of therapeutic cloning. | Growing organs for transfusions |
| How do viruses contribute to cancer? | Shutdown anti cancer cells |
| How do proto-ocogenes contribute to cancer? | Mutate to cancer cells |
| How do tumor-suppressor genes contribute to cancer? | Stop 1 step of cancer |
| Why is the development of most cancrs a slow and gradual process? | Multiple cells help fight it |
| How does mutations in ras or p53 lead to cancer? | Causes cells to grow |
| What are factors that can increase the risks of developing cancer? | Radiation, tobacco, other carcinogens |
| What factors can decrease the risks of developing cancer/ | Healthy lifestyle, no tobacco use, avoiding radiation/carcininogens |
