| A | B |
|---|
| Pangea | the mass of continents before they began moving apart due to plate tectonics |
| Fault | a fracture in a rock along which movement has taken place |
| Inner Core | the solid, innermost layer of the Earth |
| Outer Core | the liquid layer surrounding the inner core |
| Mantle | the thickest layer of Earth, lying just under the crust |
| Crust | the rocky surface that makes up the top layer of the EArth; it includes the continents and the ocean floor |
| Atmosphere | the blanket of the gases that surrounds Earth |
| Geologist | a scientist who studies the Earth |
| Magma | hot, molten rock deep below Earth's surface |
| Lava | magma that reaches Earth's surface |
| Igneous Rock | rock formed when melted rock (magma and lava) materials cools and hardens |
| Sedimentary Rock | a rock made of bits of sediment joined together in layers |
| Metamorphic Rock | a rock formed under heat and pressure from another kind of rock |
| Plate Tectonics | theory that explains movements of continents and changes in Earth's crust caused by internal forces |
| Rotate | the turning or spinning of an object on an axis |
| Revolve | the movement of a body (or object) around another body (or object) |
| Orbit | the path of a planet traveling around a star |
| Axis | imaginary line around which an object spins |
| Destructive Forces | forces in which the Earth is broken apart or removed |
| Constructive Forces | forces in which new land is made |
| Weathering | breaking down rocks into smaller pieces |
| Chemical Weathering | the breaking up of rocks due to a change in the chemical composition of the rocks. This occurs when water, air, and other substances react with the minerals in rocks. |
| Physical Weathering | breaking up of rocks due to physical contact with rocks |
| Frost Action | the process by which rocks are broken by their repeated freezing and thawing of water |
| Root Wedging | the processing by which rocks are broken apart by the roots of plants |
| Erosion | picking up and carrying away pieces of rocks |
| Deposition | the dropping off of bits or eroded rock |
| Delta | fan-shaped deposit of sediment at the mouth of the river |
| Mountain | the uplift of the Earth's plates due to plate tectonics |
| Valley | a low lying area which was cut by a river; in this case by erosion of weaker rock between two stronger rock ridges |
| U-Shaped Valley | valley carved by glaciers |
| V-Vhaped Valley | valley formed by flowing water; the exact shape will depend on the characteristics of the stream flowing through it. |
| Beach | the deposition of sediment by the wave action of water along the shore |
| Cliff | erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Common along coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments along rivers |
| Canyon | a gorge or chasm carved by running water, which has steep walls from its bottom forming cliffs or a series of cliffs |
| Sand Dunes | ridges of hills of loose sand which have been piled up by the wind they may slow migrating |
| Glacial Scratches | the parallel grooves running from south to north(i.e. from left to right) indicate the direction in which the glacier flowed.These glacial scratches or striation marks were scoured by the rocks trapped inside the ice, which flowed several centimeters a day. |
| Moraine | accumulation of sediment, or rock fragments, that is deposited by a slowly creeping mass of ice called a glacier. |
| New Moon | the phase of the Moon in which the side of the Moon facing Earth is dark |
| Full Moon | the phase of the Moon in which the side of the Moon facing Earth is lit |
| 1st Quarter | the right half of the moon is lit |
| 3rd | the left side of the moon is lit |
