| A | B |
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| The signals received by cells, whether originating from other cells or from changes in the physical environment, take various forms, including light and touch. However, cells most often communicate with each other by _____ signals. | chemical p206 |
| Scientific evidence that shows similarities between cell signaling mechanisms in many different types of organisms suggests that these signaling pathways first evolved in ____________. | single-celled organisms p207 |
| The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response is a series of steps called a(n) ______________. | signal transduction pathway p207,  |
The type of signaling called cell-cell recognition is important in such processes as ______ and ______.,  | embryonic development and immune response (Cells in developing embryos start to differentiate due to their location and proximity to other cells, so they have to know what other cells they are near. Immune cells need to be able to tell the difference between cells that belong and invading cells) p208 |
| Messenger molecules that travel only short distances are called _________. | local regulators (the red molecules below) p208,  |
| Local signaling involves the secretion of signaling molecules that act on ______ cells. | nearby p208, |
| A type of local signaling in which a cell secretes signaling molecules into the extracellular fluid and those molecules diffuse through the fluid to nearby target cells. | paracrine signaling ("Para" means "near." Technically, paracrine signaling involves local signaling between different cell types. Autocrine signaling is the term that would be used for communication between the same types of cells) p208,  |
| The narrow space between a nerve cell and its target cell is called the _____. | synapse p208,  |
| ________ signaling occurs in an animals nervous system when molecules secreted by one nerve cell diffuse across the narrow space that separates it from the target cell (often another nerve cell). | synaptic signaling p208, |
| Signaling molecules that communicate with distantly located cells by entering and travelling through the circulatory (in animals) system until their target is reached are called _____. | hormones (plants have hormones also) p209,  |
| Another word for hormonal signaling is ________. | endocrine signaling p209, |
| Another word for endocrine signaling is ______. | hormonal signaling p209, |
| The transmission of a signal from one end of a long neuron to the other end is accomplished by transmitting a(n) ______ signal down the neuron. | electrical signal (This can be considered a form of long distance signaling due to the long length of most nerve cells) p209 |
| One of the effects of epinephrine (which is secreted by the adrenal gland during times of stress) is to cause liver and muscle cells to break down their stores of _______ to make ______ available for quick energy. | glycogen, glucose (epinephrine is also known as adrenaline) p209 |
| The process going on at the receiving end of a cellular conversation can be broken down into three steps; ______, ______, and _______. | reception, transduction, and response p209, |
| A chemical signal is "detected" when it binds to a _____ protein located at the cell's surface or inside the cell. | receptor protein p209 |
| A(n) ______ is a molecule that specifically binds to another, usually larger molecule. Often times, the larger molecule is a receptor protein. | ligand p210 |
| Genes can be activated by chemical signals that activate ______________ (special proteins that activate the transcription of DNA into messenger-RNA molecules) | transcription factors pp214&219 |
| During the reception stage, a signal molecule binds to a ________ protein, causing it to ____________ | receptor protein, change shape p210 |
| ____________ factors control which genes are turned on and transcribed into m-RNA. | Transcription factors p214 |
| Where are most signal receptor proteins found? | Embedded in the plasma membrane (The other type are intracellular receptors. These require the signaling molecule to be able to cross the plasma membrane because the receptor proteins to which they attach are located in the cytosol or inside the nucleus. Steroid hormones, like testosterone, are classic examples of signaling molecules that bind intracellular receptors. But keep in mind, most signaling molecules molecules bind to receptors at the cell surface and never enter the cell) p210 |
| The three major types of membrane receptors are _____, ______, and ______. | G-protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channel receptors p210 |
| Transduction is usually a(n) _____ step pathway. | multi-step pathway (these pathways are referred to as signal transduction pathways) pp.210&214,  |
| The molecules that interact and pass the information from the original signal molecule to the response at the end of the transduction pathway are called ________ molecules and are usually proteins | relay molecules p210, |
| The general name for enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is _______________ | protein kinase p215 |
| The addition of phosphate groups often changes a relay protein in a transduction pathway from a(n) __________ form to an _________ form | inactive to an active form (In some pathways, the opposite can occur, with where phosphorylation of the protein decreases the activity of the protein, but most often, phosphorylation activates proteins) p216, |
| Enzymes that rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins are called _________. The process is called ______. | protein phosphatases, dephosphorylation p216 |
| In addition to using proteins, many signaling pathways also involve small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions called ___________. | second messengers (the picture below shows a pathway where the signal is sugar and the transduction pathway involves both cAMP and calcium ions) p216,  |
| The two most common second messengers are ______________ and ___________ | cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium ions p216,  |
| At the end of a signal transduction pathway, where in the cell are the two places that the response might occur? | cytoplasm, nucleus p219 |
| Name 2 second messengers that are used in the pathway shown below., | cAMP and calcium ions (This diagram is not found in this chapter, but the concept of second messengers is and you should be able to analyze diagrams like this to identify second messengers, as well as the first/primary messenger/signaling molecule, which is of course, sugar. Yum!), |
| What molecule is the letter "A" is next to., | ATP (adensosine tri-phosphate) p216, |
| What molecule is the letter "B" is next to., | cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) p216, |
| What molecule is the letter "C" is next to., | AMP (adenosine monophosphate) p216, |
| What is the name of the enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP., | Adenylyl cyclase pp.216&217, |
| What is the name of the enzyme that converts cAMP into AMP., | phosphodiesterase pp.216&217, |
Which of the three major types of membrane receptors is shown below?,  | gated ion channel p213, |
Which of the three major types of membrane receptors is shown below?,  | G-protein-coupled receptors p211, |
Which of the three major types of membrane receptors is shown below?,  | receptor tyrosine kinases p212, |
| Which type of long-distance signaling is being shown in the picture below, | hormonal (or endocrine) signaling p208, |
| Which type of signaling is being shown in the picture below?, | local signaling p208, |
Which type of signaling is being shown in the picture below?,  | long-distance signaling pp.208&209, |
| What type of local signaling involving animal cells is being shown in the picture below?, | paracrine signaling ("Para" means "near." Technically, paracrine signaling involves local signaling between different cell types. Autocrine signaling is the term that would be used for communication between the same types of cells) p208, |
Which of the three stages of a signal transduction pathway is shown under the #1?,  | reception p209, |
| Which of the three stages of a signal transduction pathway is shown under the #2?, | transduction p209, |
| Which of the three stages of a signal transduction pathway is shown under the #3?, | response p209, |
| Which type of signaling is shown in the picture below?, | synaptic p208, |
| The space between the two cells in the picture below is called the ______., | synapse p208, |
| Where is calcium ion concentration higher, inside the cytoplasm or outside? Why? | Outside, because the cell actively pumps calcium ions out of the cell or into the lumen of the ER (It is important to have this imbalance because it allows cells to use calcium ion concentration as a way to regulate the level of signal transduction and response in the cell based on calcium ion concentrations. Other signals in the signal transduction pathway can open up calcium ion channels that allow calcium to quickly diffuse into the cytosol. Increases in calcium ion concentration in the cytosol causes many responses in animal cells, including muscle cell contraction, secretion of certain substances, and cell division. If the calcium ion concentration inside and outside the cell were at equilibrium, this wouldn't be possible) p217&218 |
| Signals that lead to the cleaving of a certain type of cell membrane phospholipid called PIP2 into two products, DAG (diacylglycerol) and IP3 (inositol triphosphate) allow those two products to act as second messengers. IP3 usually goes on to cause calcium ion concentrations in the cytosol to increase by ________. | opening up gated calcium ion channels in the ER (Calcium is often times actively transported into and stored in the ER. When the calcium ion channels are opened, calcium can quickly diffuse out of the ER to increase cytosolic calcium ion concentrations. This increase in calcium ion concentration in the cytosol allows calcium ions to act as second messengers, affecting the activity levels of a wide variety of processes going on in the cytosol) p218,  |
| Sometimes a signaling transduction pathway leads to a response in the nucleus where a type of molecule called a(n) __________ is activated. This molecule can then turn genes (or in somecases, off), so that the process of making a specific __________ is either activated or deactivated. | transcription factor, protein p.219,  |
What is the name of the type of molecule shown below that is labeled A and then being transformed into the activated form of that molecule (labeled B) as a response to a signal transduction pathway?,  | transcription factor p219, |
| ____________ proteins are large relay proteins that bind other relay proteins, keeping them close together so that signal transduction pathway reactions can be organized close together and in order, increasing the speed of the pathway. | Scaffolding proteins p.222,  |
| Cells that are infected, damaged, or have reached the end of their functional life span often undergo "programmed cell death," a process called _____________. | apoptosis (Apoptosis is also a normal part of early development, such as the formation of the paws in mice as shown below) pp. 223-225,  |
What is the name of the molecule labeled A in the picture below?,  | Scaffolding protein (are large relay proteins that bind other relay proteins, keeping them close together so that signal transduction pathway reactions can be organized close together and in order, increasing the speed of the pathway) p222, |
| What does the root word "trans-" mean? | across |
