| A | B |
|---|
| Muslims | Followers of Mohammed |
| hadith | stories about Mohammed |
| dhimmi | People of the Book under Islam |
| Safavids | Rulers of Persia |
| Mughals | Rulers of India |
| Hinduism | Polytheistic religion of India |
| varnas | social and religious classes in Hinduism |
| untouchables | Class outside of the varnas |
| Sufis | Muslim mystics |
| Akbar | Indian ruler interested in many religions |
| Vasco da Gama | First Portuguese explorer to reach India by sea |
| Istanbul | Name of Constantinople after conquest by Ottoman Turks |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | Ottoman sultan who besieged Vienna |
| sultan | title of Ottoman ruler |
| Grand Vizier | Second in command to the sultan |
| Janissaries | Elite Ottoman military unit |
| devshirme | Ottoman process of rounding up boys to be Janissaries |
| Shaikh of Islam | Chief judge of law for Ottoman Muslims |
| Balkans | mountains of Europe conquered by Ottomans |
| harems | residence of wives of sultans |
| Confucius | Chinese philosopher |
| Mandate of Heaven | basis for rule of Chinese dynasties |
| Ming Dynasty | Dynasty which brought back Confucian civil service exams |
| Qing Dynasty | Manchu invaders who replaced Ming Dynasty |
| Zhenghe | Chinese court official who sponsored exploration |
| brush painting and novels | examples of Ming cultural accomplishments |
| kowtowing | ritual demanded of foreign traders by Chinese emperors |
| bakufu | military government of Japan |
| shogun | head of bakufu |
| fudai daimyo | local ruler loyal to Tokugawa from the beginning |
| tozama daimyo | local ruler who had submitted to Tokugawa after he achieved power |
| Hidetada | son and heir of Tokugawa Ieyasu |
| Shinto | traditional religion of Japan |
| Buddhism | religion imported to Japan from China |
| Shimabara uprising | revolt in Japan which led to crack-down on foreigners |
| Martin Luther | German churchman who posted the 95 Theses |
| simony | buying and selling of Church offices |
| indulgences | forgiveness of sin sold to raise money for the Church |
| printing press | technology useful in spreading ideas of Luther and Galileo |
| Eucharist | body and blood of Christ in a Catholic service |
| Anabaptists | "radical" Protestants who felt Luther did not go far enough |
| Church of England | Church founded by Henry VIII |
| Anne Boleyn | Second wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth I |
| Index of Forbidden Books | measure adopted by the Counter-Reformation |
| Francis Bacon | someone who wrote about the scientific method |
| publication and peer review | important parts of the scientific method |
| Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo | supporters of the heliocentric theory |
| Ptolemy of Alexandria | supporter of the geocentric theory |
| Vesalius | writer of an early book on anatomy |
| William Harvey | man who discovered circulation of blood |
| Isaac Newton | inventor of calculus |
| Thomas Hobbes | writer who developed the social contract theory |
| John Locke | writer who thought the social contract could be renegotiated |
| Marco Polo | Italian who wrote about a journey to China |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese who sponsored exploration |
| Bartolomeu Dias | First Portuguese seaman to round the Cape of Good Hope |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian seaman who thought that the world was small enough to sail around |
| Isabella of Spain | queen who funded the expedition of Columbus |
| Aztecs | Native American rulers of Mexico |
| Columbian Exchange | movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World |
| Cortes | Spanish Conquistadore |
| haciendas | large ranches or farms in New Spain |
| encomiendas | grants of Native American labor in New Spain |
| castas | racial categories including creoles and peninsulares |
| lancados | Portuguese trading forts in Africa |
| Kongo and Songhay | kingdoms of Africa |
| debt, birth, warfare | ways of becoming of slave before 1500 |
| Brazil | Destination of most slaves in the Transatlantic trade |
| Middle Passage | voyage of slaves from Africa to America |
| sugar | crop that increased demand for slaves in America |
