| A | B |
|---|
| 90 minutes | Typical sleep cycle length |
| Psychoactive agonists | Mimic the effects of some neurotransmitters |
| Primarily biological processes | activation synthesis dream theory |
| Relatively common sleep disorders | apnea and insomnia |
| Sleep disorder connected with air passage constriction | apnea |
| Night terrors, sleep walking and deepest phase of sleep | Stage 3 |
| Dreams help you process your life | activation information processing theory |
| Selective attention | Focusing on one stimulus |
| Observational learning | Learning by imitation |
| 24 hours | Circadian rhythm cycle |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | Measures brain waves |
| High frequency brain waves | wakefulness |
| REM Sleep | Paradoxical |
| A generalized, secondary and token reinforcer | Money |
| Continuous reinforcement | Best for learning new "tricks" (also fixed ratio) |
| Variable interval reinforcement | Best for preventing extinction |
| Food, water, shelter | Primary reinforcers |
| Applause, grades, money | secondary reinforcers |
| Reinforcement at random times | variable interval |
| Reinforcement at specific times | fixed interval |
| Reinforcement after set number of correct responses | fixed ratio best for learning something new |
| reinforcement after altering number of responses | variable ratio |
| Negative punishment | grounding |
| Positive punishment | spanking, shocks |
| Positive reinforcement | Give you something good to keep you doing a desired behavior |
| negative reinforcement | Taking away something bad to keep you doing a desired behavior |
| Generalization | Extending your learned behavior to other similar behaviors |
| Discrimination | Narrowly focusing your learned behavior |
| Chaining | performing a series of behaviors to earn reinfocement |
| learning | a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
| A naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus | Unconditioned response |
| Pavlov | Classical conditioning |
| Skinner | Operant conditioning |
| Behaviorists | Learning happens when reinforcement and behavior are contiguous to one another |
| Taste aversion | Usually conditioned on one event/episode |
| Spontaneous recovery | Reoccurrence of a previously extinguished behavior |
| Shaping | reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior |
| Retina | contains rods and cones |
| Cochlea | begins process of auditory processing in brain |
| parallel processing | shape, color, movement and form |
| Sensory adaptation | nerve cells slow their firing around constant exposure to same stimulus |
| top-down processing | rely on previous experience to process sensory input |
| rods | peripheral and black and white processing |
| cones | colors and centralized vision processing |
| body posture and head position | regulated by semicircular canals |
| Violet | shortest wavelength |
| Red | longest wavelength |
| finishing a sentence, a figure, a shape | closure |
| Gestalt | school of psychology that believes natural systems and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts |
| frequency of soundwaves | pitch |
| amplitude/height of soundwaves | volume |
| thalamus | relay station in brain for visual and auditory input |
| absolute threshold | smallest unit of perceivable sound, touch, sight, smell |
| perceptual constancy | tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur. |
| gate theory | pain messages encounter "nerve gates" in the spinal cord that open or close depending upon a number of factors |
| circadian rhythms | affected by erratic sleep patterns |
| hypnosis | works due to social and physiological factors |
| nicotine | increases alertness; decreases anxiety |
| Melatonin | increase causes drowsiness |
| SCN | located in the hypothalamus, releases melatonin |
