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| The signals received by cells, whether originating from other cells or from changes in the physical environment, take various forms, including light and touch. However, cells most often communicate with each other by _____ signals. | chemical p206 |
| The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response is a series of steps called a(n) ______________. | signal transduction pathway p207,  |
| Local signaling involves the secretion of signaling molecules that act on ______ cells. | nearby p208,  |
| The narrow space between a nerve cell and its target cell is called the _____. | synapse p208,  |
| ________ signaling occurs in an animals nervous system when molecules secreted by one nerve cell diffuse across the narrow space that separates it from the target cell (often another nerve cell). | synaptic signaling p208, |
| Signaling molecules that communicate with distantly located cells by entering and travelling through the circulatory (in animals) system until their target is reached are called _____. | hormones (plants have hormones also) p209,  |
| Another word for endocrine signaling is ______. | hormonal signaling p209, |
| The transmission of a signal from one end of a long neuron to the other end is accomplished by transmitting a(n) ______ signal down the neuron. | electrical signal (This can be considered a form of long distance signaling due to the long length of most nerve cells) p209 |
| The process going on at the receiving end of a cellular conversation can be broken down into three steps; ______, ______, and _______. | reception, transduction, and response p209, |
| A chemical signal is "detected" when it binds to a _____ protein located at the cell's surface or inside the cell. | receptor protein p209 |
| A(n) ______ is a molecule that specifically binds to another, usually larger molecule. Often times, the larger molecule is a receptor protein. | ligand p210 |
| Genes can be activated by chemical signals that activate ______________ (special proteins that activate the transcription of DNA into messenger-RNA molecules) | transcription factors pp214&219 |
| ____________ factors control which genes are turned on and transcribed into m-RNA. | Transcription factors p214 |
| Where are most signal receptor proteins found? | Embedded in the plasma membrane (The other type are intracellular receptors. These require the signaling molecule to be able to cross the plasma membrane because the receptor proteins to which they attach are located in the cytosol or inside the nucleus. Steroid hormones, like testosterone, are classic examples of signaling molecules that bind intracellular receptors. But keep in mind, most signaling molecules molecules bind to receptors at the cell surface and never enter the cell) p210 |
| The addition of phosphate groups often changes a relay protein in a transduction pathway from a(n) __________ form to an _________ form | inactive to an active form (In some pathways, the opposite can occur, with where phosphorylation of the protein decreases the activity of the protein, but most often, phosphorylation activates proteins) p216,  |
| At the end of a signal transduction pathway, where in the cell are the two places that the response might occur? | cytoplasm, nucleus p219 |
| Which type of long-distance signaling is being shown in the picture below, | hormonal (or endocrine) signaling p208, |
| Which type of signaling is being shown in the picture below?, | local signaling p208, |
Which type of signaling is being shown in the picture below?,  | long-distance signaling pp.208&209, |
Which of the three stages of a signal transduction pathway is shown under the #1?,  | reception p209, |
| Which of the three stages of a signal transduction pathway is shown under the #2?, | transduction p209, |
| Which of the three stages of a signal transduction pathway is shown under the #3?, | response p209, |
| Which type of signaling is shown in the picture below?, | synaptic p208, |
| The space between the two cells in the picture below is called the ______., | synapse p208, |
| Sometimes a signaling transduction pathway leads to a response in the nucleus where a type of molecule called a(n) __________ is activated. This molecule can then turn genes (or in somecases, off), so that the process of making a specific __________ is either activated or deactivated. | transcription factor, protein p.219,  |
What is the name of the type of molecule shown below that is labeled A and then being transformed into the activated form of that molecule (labeled B) as a response to a signal transduction pathway?,  | transcription factor p219, |
| Cells that are infected, damaged, or have reached the end of their functional life span often undergo "programmed cell death," a process called _____________. | apoptosis (Apoptosis is also a normal part of early development, such as the formation of the paws in mice as shown below) pp. 223-225,  |
