| A | B |
|---|
| pharynx | throat |
| esophagus | passageway extending from the pharynx to the stomach |
| lower esophageal sphincter(LES) | ring of muscle at end of esophagus that stays tight, keeping stomach contents from refluxing |
| peristalsis | wavelike movements in the digestive tract organs that propel contents through |
| stomach | organ where swallowed items are mixed and stored |
| pyloric sphincter | ring of muscle between the stomach and duodenum that regulates the content entering the duodenum |
| colon | large intestine |
| rectum | final three inches of the colon |
| anus | ring of muscle at the very end of the large intestine |
| liver | produces bile and performs metabolic functions |
| common bile duct | carries bile and pancreatic digestive enzymes to the duodenum |
| gallbladder | stores bile |
| pancreas | produces digestive enzymes |
| peritoneum | sac covering all the digestive organs |
| appendix | small pouch with no known function |
| diverticulum | pouch or bulge that develops in the large intestine |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| cholelithiasis | condition of gallstones |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of a diverticulum |
| diverticulosis | abnormal condition of having diverticulum |
| esophagitis | inflammation of the esophagus |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and intestines |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| adhesion | growing together of the surface of two abdominal organs secondary to surgical scarring |
| celiac disease | malabsorption secondary to an immune reaction to gluten(wheat, rye, barley) |
| cirrhosis | liver cell destruction and scarring, commonly caused by alcohol |
| crohn disease | inflammation and ulceration of the intestines |
| gastro esophageal reflux disease(GERD) | backward flow of the gastric contents into the esophagus(AKA heartburn, or acid reflux) |
| hemorrhoids | distended veins in the rectum, or anus |
| irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) | periodic disturbances in bowel function(bloating, gas, diarrhea,constipation,pain) usually related to emotional stress |
| peptic ulcer | eroded area of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum |
| ulcerative colitis | inflammation and ulceration of the colon |
| volvulus | twisting or kinking in the intestinal tract |
| hernia | protusion of part of the digestive tract through a muscle layer |
| abdominocentesis | aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity |
| appendectomy | surgical removal(excision) of the appendix |
| cholecystectomy | excision of the gall bladder |
| colectomy | excision of the colon |
| hemicolectomy | excision of a section of the colon |
| colostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the colon |
| gastrectomy | excision of the stomach |
| gastroplasty | surgical repair of the stomach |
| gastrostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the stomach |
| herniorrhaphy | surgical repair of a hernia |
| laparotomy | incision into the abdominal cavity |
| polypectomy | excision of a polyp |
| polyp | benign growth of tissue like a skin tag that develops on the mucous membrane lining the digestive tract |
| anastomosis | surgically joining two segments of the digestive tract |
| bariatric surgery | surgical reduction of the size of the stomach |
| hemorrhoidectomy | excision of hemorrhoids |
| esophagogram | Xray image of the esophagus(AKA barium swallow) |
| colonoscopy | endoscopy of the colon |
| endoscopy | visual examination of the inner lining of a hollow organ |
| esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD) | endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum |
| esophagoscopy | endoscopy of the esophagus |
| gastroscopy | endoscopy of the stomach |
| laparoscopy | visual examination of the external layers of the organs in the abdominal or pelvic cavities |
| proctoscopy | endoscopy of the rectum |
| sigmoidoscopy | endoscopy of the sigmoid colon |
| abdominal ultrasonography | imaging abdominal organs with sound waves |
| lower gastrointestinal(lower GI or LGI) | X rays of the colon after insertion of barium(AKA barium enema) |
| upper gastrointestinal(upperGI or UGI) | X rays of the stomach and duodenum after barium is swallowed |
| fecal occult blood test(FOBT) | test to detect hidden blood in the stool,as a way to screen for colon cancer |
| Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)antibody test | blood test screens for the bacteria that causes peptic ulcers |
| dyspepsia | difficult digestion (indigestion) |
| dysphagia | difficult swalowing |
| gastroenterologist | a physician who studies and treats disorders of the digestive tract |
| oral | pertaining tothe mouth |
| rectal | pertaining to the rectum |
| sublingual | pertaining to under the tongue |
| emesis | vomiting |
| hematemesis | vomiting of blood |
| melena | black, "tarry"stool secondary to bleeding in the upper GI tract |
| stoma | surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body |
| duodenum | first portion of small intestine after the stomach |
| colorectal | pertaining to the colon and the rectum |
| gastric ulcer | corrosion of the lining of the stomach |
| flatus | pass gas through the anus |
| esophageal reflux | stomach contents flow back into the esophagus |
| feces | stool |
| anal | pertaining to the anus |
| hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver |
| cholangiogram | radiographic image of the bile ducts |
| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) | endoscopic procedure that involves using contrast media to make images of bile and pancreatic ducts |
