| A | B |
|---|
| energy | the capacity to cause change/ability to do work |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| potential energy | energy an object has because of location |
| conservation of energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| entropy | measure of the amount of disorder |
| chemical energy | arises from the arrangement of atoms and can be released by a chemical reaction |
| calorie | amount of energy that can raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree celsius |
| ATP stands for | adenosine triphosphate |
| ATP consists of | an organic molecule called adenosine plus a tail of 3 phosphate groups |
| ADP | when ATP releases a phosphate at the tip of the triphosphate tail |
| metabolism | the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism |
| enzymes | proteins that speed up chemical reactions |
| activation energy | activates the reactants and triggers the chemical reaction |
| substrate | enzyme's ability to recognize a certain reactant molecule |
| active site | has a shape and chemistry that fits the substrate molecule |
| induced fit | interaction between a substrate molecile and the active site of an enzyme which changes shape slightly to embrace substrate and catalyze the reaction |
| enzyme inhibitors | chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity by changing the enzyme's shape either by plugging up the active site or binding to another site on the enzyme |
| transport proteins | membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane |
| autotrophs | organisms that make all their own organic matter from nutrients that are entirely inorganic |
| heterotrophs | organisms that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones |
| by-product of photosynthesis | oxygen |
| for both plants and animals, the production of ATP during cellular respiration occurs in | mitochondria |
| aerobic respiration | containing/requiring oxygen |
| anaerobic respiration | lacking/not requiring oxygen |
| cellular respiration | aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules |
| cellular respiration equation | glucose plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water and ATP |
| oxidation | loss of electrons during a redox reaction |
| reduction | gain of electrons during a redox reaction |
| what is oxidized during cellular respiration? | glucose |
| what is reduced during cellular respiration? | oxygen |
| NADH | an electron carrier involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis; carries electrons from glucose and deposits them at the top of a transport chain; generated during glycolysis and citric acid cycle |
| glycolysis | six carbon molecule split in half (split requires 2 ATP); result is 2 pyruvic acids |
| citric acid cycle | each pyruvic acid loses a carbon & remaining fuel is acetic acid, oxidation of fuel generates NADH, each acetic acid is attached to CoA, result is ATP, NADH and FADH2 |
| electron transport | one or more electrons are transferred to carrier molecules; a series of electron transport chains release the energy stored in high energy molecules such as glucose |
| what do glycolysis and the citric acid cycle contribute? | 2 ATP by directly making it |
| fermentation | anaerobic harvest of food energy |
| to harvest food energy during glycolysis, what must be present? | NAD+ |
| what is the addition of electrons to pyruvic acid produce? | lactic acid |
| when yeat ferment, what do they produce INSTEAD of lactic acid? | ethyl alcohol |
| photosynthesis | process where light energy is converted into chemical energy |
| chloroplasts | absorbs sunlight and uses it to power the synthesis of organic food molecules |
| chlorophyll | light absorbing molecule in the chloroplasts that plays a role in converting solar energy to chemical energy |
| stomata | pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf; when it is open carbon dioxide enters the leaf and oxygen exits |
| stroma | enclosed by inner membrane of chloroplast; sugars made in stroma by enzymes of the calvin cycle |
| thylakoids | disk shaped sacs inside a chloroplast; contain chlorophyll and enzymes of light reactions of photosynthesis |
| grana | stacks of thylakoids where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll |
| equation of photosynthesis | carbon dioxide plus water yields glucose and oxygen |
| NADPH | electron carrier involved in photosynthesis; light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+ forming NADPH which provides high energy electrons for reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the calvin cycle |
| calvin cycle | occur in the stroma, usess carbon, ATP and NADPH produced by light reactions to make G3P which is later used to produce glucose |
| wavelength | distance between two crests of a wave |
| electromagnetic spectrum | full range of radiation from short wavelengths to long wavelengths |
| short to long wavelengths | gamma rays, xrays, UV rays, infrared, microwaves and radio waves |
| what is visible light? | the fraction of the spectrum that our eyes see as different colors |
| what colors do chloroplasts mainly absorb? | blue/violet and red/orange |
| chlorophyll a | pigment that participates directly in light reactions, absorbs blue/violet and red |
| chlorophyll b | does not participate directly in light reactions, absorbs blue and orange, conveys absorbed energy to chlorophyll a |
| carotenoids | yellow/orange pigments, reflect yellow, provides fall colors in leaves |
| photons | fixed quantity of light energy |
| 6 layers of a leaf | cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis and lower cuticle |
| C3 plants | first organic compound produced is a 3 carbon molecule, close stomata on hot days to prevent dehydration, soybeans, wheat and rice |
| C4 plants | incorporate carbon from CO2 into a 4 carbon compound before proceeding to the calvin cycle, keep stomata closed mostly to conserve water, sugarcane |
| CAM plants | conseve water by opening stomata to admit CO2 only at NIGHT, pineapple, cacti, jade |
| light dependent pathway | light must be present, produces ATP and oxygen, hydrolysis |
| light independent pathway | can be done in the dark, CO2 fixed into sugar phosphate, produces RuBP, CO2 and sugar |
| light can be: | transmitted, reflected, absorbed |
| energy is highest for | violet |
| energy is lowest for | red |
| white is the | combination of colors |
| black is the | absence of color |
| for every 1 NAD, how many ATP are derived? | 3 |
| for every 1 FAD, how many ATP are derived? | 2 |
| NAD | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, positively charged electron acceptor |
| law of thermodynamics | energy in the universe is constant, energy can't be created and destroyed, energy can be converted to different levels (10% useable for next level) |
| different types of energy | solar, mechanical, electrical, heat |
| transition step | occurs in mitochondrial membrane; converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA |
| energy rich nutrients | proteins, lipids and carbs |
| catabolic versatility | proteins and fats can be used to generate ATP but it must be converted to gluose first |
| coenzyme A | involved in the citric acid cycle; CoA is derived from the vitamin B pantothenic acid, CoA escorts acetic acid into the first reaction of the citric acid cycle |
