| A | B |
|---|
| Tinker v. Des Moines | symbolic speech including one's dress is protected |
| Mapp v. Ohio | the government cannot use evidence gathered illegally |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | if jail time is the possible penalty, states are required to provide needy defendants an attorney |
| U.C. Regents v. Bakke | universities may consider race as a factor in admissions, but quotas are unconstitutional |
| New York Times v. the United States | the court upholds the government's right to prior restraint, but only in the case of an immediate, real threat to national security |
| Brown v. Topeka Board of Education I & II | found that segregated schools are inherently unequal |
| Marbury v. Madison | the Supreme Court has the right to use judicial review |
| Schenck v. the United States | Freedom of Speech is not protected if the speech presents a "clear and present" danger to people's safety |
| New York Times v. Sullivan | established the actual malice standard requiring that the plaintiff in a defamation or libel case prove that the publisher of the statement in question knew that the statement was false or acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity |
| Engel v. Vitale | it is unconstitutional for a school to ask/suggest/offer public prayer |
| New Jersey v. T.L.O. | schools may search a student's property at school if they have any suspicion of illegal activity |
| Furman v. Georgia | found that up to this time (1972), the death penalty was more likely to be used on minorities, therefore making it violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment |
| Miranda v. Arizona | required police to inform a suspect of his constitutional rights before questioning one about a crime |
| Lemon v Kurtzman | created a test to see if government involvement with a religious organization was constitutional or not |
| McCullough v. Maryland | upheld the supremacy clause and a broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause |
| Pottawatomie v. Earls | while public schools may not begin programs to randomly drug test all students, they can randomly test those who participate in extracurricular activities |
| Freedom of the Press | the right to print written opinions without government cesorship |
| Freedom of Speech | the right to state one's opinion |
| Fighting Words | written or spoken words, generally expressed to incite hatred or violence from their target. They are not protected speech. |
| Obscenity | an extremely offensive word, image, or expression. They are not protected speech. |
| Political Correctness | forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, or insult groups of people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against. People may ban such words on thier property (including schools). |
| Freedom of Religion | a citizen's right to their religious views is protected |
| The Establishment Clause | the government cannot create a government sponsored/supported religion |
| Free Exercise | citizens are free to practice any religion (or no religion) they wish |
| Freedom to Petition | citizens have the right to write letters/complain to their representatives |
| Freedom to Assemble | citizens have the right to, peacifully, meet together in groups |
| Right to Bear Arms | citizens have the right to have weapons for protection |
| 4th Amendment | limits the government's right to search us |
| 5th Amendment | we cannot be forced/coerced into testifying against one'self (self-incrimination) |
| 6th Amendment | the right to an attorney |
| 8th Amendment | the government may not use cruel or unusual punishments |
| Due Process of Law | states must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person |
| Equal Protection of the Law | states must use the law fairly with all its citizens. |
| Prior Restraint | the government has the right to stop the publication of information that could hurt our nation's security |
| Hollingsworth v Perry | allowed gay and lesbian couples to marry |
| judicial review | the right of the courts to decide if a law is or is not constitutional |
| Supremacy Clause | federal law is stronger than state law |
| Necessary and Proper Clause | the federal government can do any action that is essential in carrying out its delegated powers |
| Precedent | a court case that changes our understanding of a law or the Constitution. |
