| A | B |
|---|
| Jacob Riis | New York City news reporter who wrote How the Other Half Lives |
| muckrakers | journalists who uncovered the problems of American society and wrote about them |
| urbanization | the growth of cities |
| manifest destiny | belief that Americans had a duty/right to expand across the continent |
| gross domestic product | total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year |
| mail-order catalog | catalog that listed the goods sold by a company that could be ordered by mail |
| department stores | large stores that sold a variety of goods and offered services |
| vaudville | live theater shows that consisted of music, comedy and dance |
| infrastructure | facilities and equipment required for an organization or community to function |
| The Jungle | novel written by Upton Sinclair that was intended to expose unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry |
| Upton Sinclair | muckraker author who wrote The Jungle |
| formaldehyde | toxic chemical preservative used in processed foods |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | French author who observed that American progress was destroying the habitat |
| virgin forest | original forests that were uncut |
| extractive industries | businesses that take resources from the earth |
| slag heaps | piles of waste created by mining |
| political machines | supported political bosses and helped them retain political power to gain wealth |
| Tammany Hall | most powerful political machine that supported Boss Tweed |
| patronage | giving jobs to friends |
| Pendleton Act | passed to reduce patronage and set guidelines for hiring civil servants |
| civil service | nonmilitary government employees |
