| A | B |
|---|
| Biology | The scientific study of life. |
| Hypothesis | A proposed |
| Law (Scientific) | A law that generalizes a body of observations. At the time it is made |
| Mechanism (Scientific) | The combination of components and processes that serve a common function. |
| Science | A body of evidence based knowledge gained through observation and experimentation related to the natural world and technology. |
| Principle (Scientific) | A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be present |
| Theory (Scientific) | An explanation of observable phenomena based on available empirical data and guided by a system of logic that includes scientific laws; provides a system of assumptions |
| Cell The basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. Cells have three common components: genetic material | cytoplasm |
| Eukaryote A type of organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane bound nucleus | specialized organelles in the cytoplasm |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) An organelle | containing folded membranes and sacs |
| Nucleus A membrane bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity of the genetic material and | through the expression of that material |
| Plasma Membrane A thin | phospholipid and protein molecule bilayer that encapsulates a cell and controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell through active or passive transport. |
| Carbohydrate A macromolecule that contains atoms of carbon | hydrogen |
| Catalyst A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (e.g. | lower temperature) than otherwise possible without being changed by the reaction. |
| Lipids A group of organic compounds composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen including a proportionately smaller amount of oxygen; are insoluble in water | serve as a source of stored energy |
| Macromolecule A polymer with a high molecular mass. Within organisms there are four main groups: carbohydrates | lipids |
| Nucleic Acid A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C | H |
| Protein A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon | hydrogen |
| Carrier (Transport) Proteins Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane involved in the movement of ions | small molecules |
| Exocytosis A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane | separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released. |
| Homeostatic Mechanism A regulatory mechanism that contributes to maintaining a state of equilibrium (e.g. | thermoregulation |
| Pumps (Ion or Molecular) Any of several molecular mechanisms in which ions or molecules are transported across a cellular membrane requiring the use of an energy source (e.g. | glucose |
| Cell Cycle The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the cell cycle are interphase | nuclear division |
| Interphase The longest lasting phase of the cell cycle in which a cell performs the majority of its functions | such as preparing for nuclear division and cytokinesis. |
| Biotechnology Any procedure or methodology that uses biological systems or living organisms to develop or modify either products or processes for specific use. This term is commonly associated with genetic engineering | which is one of many applications. |
| Chromosomal Mutation A change in the structure of a chromosome (e.g. | deletion |
| Cloning A process in which a cell | cell product |
| Frame shift Mutation The addition (insertion mutation) or removal (deletion mutation) of one or more nucleotides that is not indivisible by three | therefore resulting in a completely different amino acid sequence than would be normal. The earlier in the sequence nucleotides are added or removed |
| Gene Therapy The intentional insertion | alteration |
| Genotype The genetic composition of an organism with reference to a single trait | a set of traits |
| Incomplete Dominance A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles | inherited from the parents |
| Point Mutation A single base substitution causing the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide (e.g. | silent mutation |
| In a heterozygous condition with a dominant allele | it is not expressed in the phenotype. |
| Semiconservative Replication The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed | resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule. |
| Sex linked Trait A trait | associated with a gene that is carried by either the male or female parent (e.g. |
| Analogous Structure A physical structure | present in multiple species |
| Isolating Mechanisms Features of behaviors | morphology |
| Mutation A permanent transmissible change of genetic material (e.g. | chromosomal mutations and gene mutations). |
| Agriculture The artificial cultivation of food | fiber |
| Biogeochemical Cycles The movement of abiotic factors between the living and nonliving components within ecosystems; also known as nutrient cycles (i.e. | water cycle |
| Competition When individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources such as territory | mates |
| Limiting Factor Chemical or physical factor that limits the existence | growth |
| Nonnative Species A species normally living outside a distribution range that has been introduced through either deliberate or accidental human activity; also can be known as introduced | invasive |
| Symbiotic Relationship A relationship between two organisms (i.e. | mutualism |
| Organism A form of life; an animal | plant |
| Population Dynamics The study of short and long term changes in the number of individuals for a given population | as affected by birth |
| System A set of interacting or interdependent components | real or abstract |
| Trophic Level The position of an organism in relation to the flow of energy and inorganic nutrients through an ecosystem (e.g. | producer |
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