| A | B |
|---|
| According to Adler, a condition that comes from being unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings. | Inferiority complex |
| Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and saws whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. | Free association |
| Personality test, such as the Rorscach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of inner thoughts and feelings. | Projective test |
| Perspective that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and the individual’s capacity for personal growth. | Humanistic psychology |
| Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. | Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
| Region of the mind holding information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness. | preconscious |
| Region of the mind that is reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. | unconscious |
| Freud’s theory of personality; also a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insight into thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting the underlying unconscious motives and conflicts. | psychoanalysis |
| View of personality that retains some aspects of Freudian theory (such as the importance of unconscious thought processes) but is less likely to see unresolved childhood conflicts as a source of personality development. | Psychodynamic perspective |
| All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “Who am I?” | self-concept |
| According to Roger’s, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. | Unconditional positive regard |
| Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. | personality |
| Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our ancestors. | Collective unconscious |
| Founder of psychoanalysis. | Sigmund Freud |
| Humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization as the ultimate psychological need. | Abraham Maslow |
| Humanistic psychologist who stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth. | Carl Rogers |
| Psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. | Defense mechanisms |
| Neo-Freudian who believed the humans share a collective unconscious | Carl Jung |
| Neo-Freudian who found psychoanalysis negatively biased toward women and believed cultural variables are the foundation of personality development. | Karen Horney |
| Neo-Freudian who thought social tensions were more important than sexual tensions in the development of personality. | Alfred Adler |
| Childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on different parts of the body. | Psychosexual stages |
| Largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that meditates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. | ego |
| Most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. | Rorschach Inkblot test |
| Part of personality that consists of unconscious, psychic energy and strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. | id |
| Part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgments (the conscience) and for future aspirations. | superego |
| According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill potential. | Self-actualization |
| Movement in psychology that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive | positive psychology |
| American psychologist and trait theorist who researched the idea that individual personalities are unique. | Gordon Allport |
| American psychologist who researched helplessness before turning his interests to optimism; he has been the primary proponent of positive psychology | Martin Seligman |
| Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Personality | Trait |
| Canadian-American psychologist who developed the social-cognitive perspective and believed that to understand personality one must consider the situation and the person’s thoughts before, during, and after an event. | Albert Bandura |
| English psychologist who researched whether some traits predicted others; he proposed 16 key personality dimensions or factors to describe personality. | Raymond Cattell |
| German psychologist who researched the genetically influenced dimensions of personality, including extraversion and introversion. | Hans Eysenk |
| Perspective stating that understanding personality involves considering how people are affected by a particular situation, by what they have learned, by how they think, and by how they interact socially. | social-cognitive perspective |
| Questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. | personality inventories |
| Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to test. | validity |
| Extent to which a test yields consistent results, regardless of who gives the test or when or where it is given. | reliability |
| Hopeless feeling when an animal or human can’t avoid repeated bad events. | learned helplessness |
| Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. | Minnesota Multiphasic Personailty Inventory (MMPI) |
| Mutual influences between personality and environmental factors. | reciprocal determinism |
| Perception that chance, or forces beyond your control, determines your fate. | external locus of control |
| Perception that you control your own fate. | internal locus of control |
