| A | B |
|---|
| affirmative action | Programs designed to increase minority participation in some institutions (business, school, labor union, or government agency) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members. |
| civil disobedience | Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment. |
| civil rights | The rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences. |
| de facto segregation | Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement. |
| de jure segregation | Racial segregation that is required by law. |
| equality of opportunity | Giving people an equal chance to succeed. |
| equality of result | Making certain that people achieve the same result. |
| Jim Crow | A slang expression for the laws and practices that kept African Americans in segregated or subordinated positions. |
| police powers | Authority of state governments to secure the safety, comfort, health and morals of their citizens. |
| reverse discrimination | Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people. |
| separate but equal | The doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities. |
| Strict Scrutiny Test | A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal. |
| suspect classifications | Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. |
| Discrimination | unfair treatment base on prejudice against a certain group |
| Prejudice | – a biased opinion based one emotion, rather than reason |
| Stereotype | an opinion or belief about how a type people of people behave |
| Segregation | social separation of the races |
| Desegregation | to eliminate separating people on the basis of their skin color |
| Racial Profiling | being singled out as suspects because of the way someone looks |
| Reasonableness test | When the government trats classes of people differently, the differences must be for demonstrable reasons and not arbitrary. |
| Quid Pro Quo | This for that. In this chapter it is used to express the idea of requiring sexual favors for hiring or promotions |
| Fourteenth Amendment | This "Civil War amendment"requires states to provide equal protection and due process of the law. |
| Equal protection of the law | A phrase in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requiring that states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protections to all citizens. |
| Thirteenth Amendment | This "Civil War amendment" outlawed slavery in the United States. |
| suffrage | the legal right to vote |
| Fifteenth Amendment | This "Civil War amendment" extending voting rights to African-Americans. |
| poll tax | a fee charged before a person could vote. This was used to disenfranchise African-American voters. |
| white primary | in some states only white people were allowed to vote in a primary. Since many of these states were essentially one party states, this effectively disenfranchised African-American voters. |
| Twenty-fourth Amendment | outlawed poll taxes |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | This law prohibited any government from using voting procedures that denied a person a vote on the basis of race. Additionally it banned literacy requirements. |
| Nineteenth Amendment | This amendment guaranteed women the right to vote. |
| Equal Rights Amendment | This proposed amendment sought to guarantee that women were treated the same as men. This proposal was not adopted by enough states. |
