| A | B |
|---|
| Voltaire | French philosophe who wrote "Candide" and focused on religious tolerance |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who first developed the Heliocentric theory |
| Johannes Kepler | scientist who developed 3 laws on planetary motion supporting the heliocentric theory |
| Galileo | developed a telescope that could support the heliocentric theory. He tested many of Aristotle's ideas proving them false |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist, he discovered laws of Gravity |
| William Harvey | Discovered circulation of the Blood |
| Thomas Hobbes | Wrote the "Leviathan," he believed that a state must have a central authority to maintain order |
| John Locke | wrote the "Two treatise of Government" he believed in natural rights of men (life, liberty, property) |
| Baron de Montesquieu | wrote "On the Spirit of Laws" he believed that in a separation of powers in government |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | wrote "The Social Contract" and believed people should reject unjust governments |
| Thomas Jefferson | American author of Declaration of Independence, he was heavily influenced by John Locke |
| Louis XVI (16th) | French King during the French Revolution, he was removed from power and eventually executed |
| Robespierre | as part of the Committee of Pubic Safety he began the "reign of terror" in France |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | military genius who was given control of the French army by the Directory. He would later take power in France |
| Scientific Revolution | time period where science changed by relying on reason and systematic measurement to understand the natural world |
| Scientific Method | process developed during the scientific revolution that focused on creating and testing a hypothesis |
| Heliocentric theory | accurate belief that the sun is the center of the solar system |
| Geocentric Theory | flawed belief that the earth was the center of the solar system |
| Age of Enlightenment | time period where reason and logic were applied to all aspects of life including government, politics, art and technology |
| French Revolution | time period in France where the French people overthrew their absolute monarchy and started to implement democratic ideals |
| Bastille Prison | building that was stormed by the French people in order to defend the revolution. It was the most symbolic act of the revolution. |
| Reign of Terror | radical rule by the extremist Jacobins that resulted in the deaths of 40,000 "traitors" during the French revolution |
| National Assembly | new legislative body formed by 3rd estate during the French revolution |
| Absolutism | government where power is held by one person or a small group |
| divine right | belief that a king's authority comes from god |
| czar | title taken by russian leaders, starting with Ivan III |
| St. Petersburg | Russian city fouunded by Peter the Great as a "window to the west" |
| Versailles | palace built by Louis XIV as a symbol of imperial power |
| Parliament | a legislative group. In England it represented the people's voice in government |
| Magna Carta | signed in 1215, it was the 1st limit on a king's power in England. It later led to more rights for Englishmen |
| Jury System | 12 jurors decide the facts of a case |
| The Restoration | time period where Charles II was given the throne in England following the harsh rule of Oliver Cromwell |
| The Glorious Revolution | term used to refer to William and Mary's ascension to the English throne |
| English Bill of Rights | 1689 parliamntary law that placed more limits on the power of the English monarch |
| Louis XIV (14th) | French absolute monarch who built versailles and expanded France's manufacturing and colonial possessions |
| Peter I (the great) | Russian czar who weesternized Russia and built St. Petersburg |
| Charles I | English king who led the cavaliers during the English civil war, was defeated and executed by cromwell |
| Oliver Cromwell | led the Parliament's forces (the roundheads) in the English civil war, later ruled as a military dictator |
| Charles II | returned from exile to Rule England after the death of Cromwell, restoring England's monarchy |
| William and Mary | English King and Queen who overthrew James II in the name of Protestantism, during the glorious revolution. |
| English Civil War | war fought between the supporters of Parliament (Cromwell) and the supporters of the king (Charles I) |
