| A | B |
|---|
| Oda Nobunaga | helped to unify Japan by siezing the imperial capital and eliminate his rivals by "ruling the empire by force" |
| Kangxi | first ruler of the Qing dynasty in China, ruled for 60 years, reduced government expenses and lowered taxes |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu | defeated rival daimyo, founded the Tokugawa shogunate and completed unification of Japan |
| Commodore Perry | sailed into Tokyo harbor seeking free trade between Japan and the United States |
| Emperor Meiji | led the effort to modernize the nation state of Japan by adopting many aspects of western culture |
| Adam Smith | economic philosoper who believed in a free market in which the government should not interfere with business |
| Karl Marx | economic philosopher who co-authored the Communist Manifesto in which he said the workers of the world would unite and establish a communist system |
| Otto Von Bismarck | used the policy of realpolitik to strengthen Prussia which led to German unification |
| Opium War | conflict between the British and Chinese over an addicting drug the British smuggled into China |
| Taiping Rebellion | 20 million people died in this conflict against the Qing dynasty caused by hunger and overpopluation |
| Boxer Rebellion | conflict led by peasants and workers in China against Christians and the special privileges granted to foreigners |
| Open Door Policy | protected US trading rights in China and China's freedom from colonization |
| Dowager Empress Cixi | conservative who ruled China from behind the scenes and opposed efforts to reform |
| realpolitik | the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism |
| Imperialism | policy in which a stronger nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically or socially |
| Industrialization | the development of industries for the machine production of goods |
| Industrial Revolution | the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine |
| urbanization | the growth of cities and the migration of people into them |
| annexation | the adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit |
| Young Turks | a group of reformers that sought to introduce measures to modernize the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century |
| socialism | economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all |
| tribute | payment made by a weaker power to a stronger power to obtain an assurance of peace and security |
| Kaiser | name for a German emperor |
| Meiji Era | period of Japanese history during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutsuhito |
| communism | economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally |
| kowtow | In China, to kneel and touch the forehead to the ground nine times in order to show respect |
| Treaty of Nanjing | agreement between the British and China with China ceding Hong Kong and allowing the British trading access at five ports |
| shogunate | period in Japanese history, the rule by a shogun |
| Closed Country policy | effort by the Japanese to close its borders to Europeans to minimize western influence |
