| A | B |
|---|
| Constitutional Convention Compromises | Conventions called to initially amend the Articles of Confederation |
| Constitutional Convention Compromises | Delegates came up with two major compromises that resulted in the adoption of a new Constitution |
| Constitutional Convention Compromises | Great Compromise established a bicameral legislature. It was called the Connecticut Plan. It merged the New Jersey Plan, which advocated a single chamber with equal representation and the Virginia Plan that favored a single chamber based on population |
| Constitutional Convention Compromises | The Three-Fifths Compromise settled the issue of slave representation purposes; fugitive slave law extended and ban on slave trade |
| Constitutional Convention Compromises | No tariffs between states or on exports |
| Declaration of Independence | Ideas taken from Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu |
| Declaration of Independence | Locke’s principles include natural rights, life, liberty, and property and the consent of the governed |
| Declaration of Independence | Offers a new philosophy of government that includes “unalienable rights” that leads to a limited government proposed by Montesquieu |
| Declaration of Independence | Creates a rationale for breaking away from England in a series of grievances, such as taxation without representation and the quartering of soldiers in houses |
| Articles of Confederation | State governments stronger than central government |
| Articles of Confederation | No chief executive |
| Articles of Confederation | One house of Congress had power to declare war, sign treaties but no power to levy revenues (impose taxes) |
| Articles of Confederation | No national court system |
| Articles of Confederation | One state, one vote-larger states at the mercy of smaller states |
| Articles of Confederation | States could impose tariffs on each other and could print money |
| Articles of Confederation | Significant achievement was passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 |
| Articles of Confederation | Change required unanimous vote |
| Shays’ Rebellion | Daniel Shays was a veteran of the American Revolution and a farmer who found himself in debt |
| Shays’ Rebellion | He led an insurrection against the Massachusetts government after his farm was put up for auction because he was unable to pay taxes |
| Shays’ Rebellion | Because of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, the national government could not respond to this uprising |
| Shays’ Rebellion | Shays’ army was defeated by the state militia after a year |
| Federalism | Federalist Paper #10 argued that a federal system would guarantee civil liberties and would counter factions |
| Federalism | Federalism is the relationship between the national and state governments that has evolved since the Constitution was ratified |
| Federalism | Federalism has raised the issue of the extent state government should be able to interfere with the state governments |
| Federalism | The general rule is that when the state governments do not address significant social or economic issues, the federal government passes legislation that forces the state governments to address the issues |
| Federalism | Examples: Civil Rights, the environment, education, welfare, gun control |
| The Federalist Papers | Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. Madison used the pen name Publius |
| The Federalist Papers | Outlined the reasons for the ratification of the Constitution |
| The Federalist Papers | Outlined the necessity of a government that would be forced to compromise as a result of the separate powers of each branch |
| The Federalist Papers | Argued that the proposed Constitution did not need a separate Bill of Rights since the Constitution had safeguards protecting individual rights |
| Dual Sovereignty | Post-Civil War relationship between national and state governments |
| Dual Sovereignty | Federal and state governments each exercise authority over their citizens without interference from each other |
| Dual Sovereignty | Federal government attempted to define it through Reconstruction and the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution |
| Dual Sovereignty | Southern states responded by passing Jim Crow laws and instituting segregation |
| Dual Sovereignty | Supreme Court decisions such as Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) reinforced the rights of stated to defy the intent of the Fourteenth Amendment |
| Divisions of Power | Derived from Article IV of the Constitution and the Tenth Amendment-Reserve Power clause |
| Divisions of Power | Established the Federal system of government Defined as the differentiation of powers that the federal and state governments have |
| Checks and Balances | Each branch of governments has specific delegated powers given to them in the Constitution |
| Checks and Balances | These powers limit the power of another branch of government |
| Checks and Balances | Examples: President appoints officials; Senate must confirm them; president is commander-in-chief; Congress declares war; Congress passes legislation; president signs or vetoes legislation; Supreme Court decides whether legislation is constitutiona |
