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| Which embryonic stage in animal cells is made up of 16 cells? | morulla |
| Name 3 types of asexual reproduction. | regeneration, budding and binary fission |
| Who developed the principle that all cells come from pre-existing cells? | Rudolph Virchow |
| Who looked at cork cells and named the cell, "cell," after tiny rooms? | Robert Hooke |
| What is the type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome. | Binary fission |
| Prokaryotic cells mostly reproduce by what type of asexual reproduction? | binary fission |
| What is the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. This can be found during interphase, the cell is not dividing this exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. | Chromatin |
| What are the replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II? These can be first seen in prophase of mitosis. | sister chromatids |
| How many chromosomes does the diploid complement of a human somatic cell contain? | 46 |
| How much time do Eukaryotic chromosomes spend in interphase? | 90-94% of the time is spent in interphase. |
| Explain what occurs in interphase? | G1 or gap phase in which growth occurs, Proteins and enzymes are synthesized. S phase or synthesis is when the DNA or chromosomes duplicate. G2 or gap, growth occurs and spindle proteins are made. DNA is in the form of chromatin. A nuclear membrane and nucleolus is present. 2 centrosomes with centriole pairs can be found with asters. |
| Are centrioles found in plant cells? | Centrioles are not found in plant cells only animal cells. |
| What is the process in which the cytoplasm divides called? | cytokinesis |
| What is mitosis? | A process in Eukaryotic cells in which the nucleus divides. It includes Prophase Prometaphase MEtaphase Anaphase and Telophase. Chromosome number is conserved and is equally allocated in each newly formed cell. |
| What is the phase in mitosis where the the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear? | prophase or prometaphase |
| Which phase in mitosis do the chromosomes line up on the metaphase or equatorial plate? | metaphase |
| What happens in anaphase of mitosis? | The chromosomes come apart at the centromeres, by the sister chromatids separating. The centromeres of each chromosome divide. Daughter chromosomes begin to move toward the opposite poles of the cell due to the kinetochore microtubules shortening. The non-kinetochore microtubules elongate the cell. |
| What occurs in telophase of mitosis? | The nuclear envelope reforms. The nucleoli reappears. Chromatin becomes visible. The daughter nuclei form at two opposite poles of the cell.The spindle apparatus is no longer visible. The kinetochore and nonkinetochores have disappeared. |
| What is the microtubule organizing center or MTOC? | A specialized place in the cell where microtubules of the mitotic spindle. |
| What is the entire sequence of stages in the life of an organism, from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next | life cycle |
| What is What is a complete (haploid) set of an organism's genes;an organism's genetic materia | genome |
| What is the creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes) forming a diploid zygote? | sexual reproduction |
| What is density dependent inhibition? | Whan animal cells are grown in a petri dish they stop dividing, once they form a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. When the cells touch each other they stop dividing. |
| What causes density dependent inhibition? | Lack of growth factors |
| To get cells to divide in tissue culture what must the cell have? | A surface so the cells can anchor themselves so they can divide. |
| What are two methods for treatment of cancer? | chemotherapy and radiation therapy |
| Name two types of chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer. | taxol and vinblastin |
| What are somatic cells? | All of the body cells with not including sex cells. |
| Two chromosomes in a nucleus that carry loci for the same traits in the same positions on the chromosome but specift different versions of some traits are called? | homologous chromosomes |
| In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that don't include the sex chromosomes are called? | autosomes |
| Are gametes diploid or haploid? | haploid |
| Is the zygote diploid or haploid? | diploid |
| What are differences between mitosis and meiosis? | mitosis produces 2 daughter cells and meiosis produces four daughter cells. Mitosis produces cells that are diploid and meiosis produces cells that are haploid. In mitosis the cell divides once and meiosis the cell divides twice. |
| In meiosis the chromosomes duplicate during which stage? | interphase (S or synthesis) |
| During which stage does synapsis and the formation of tetrads form in meiosis? | prophase I |
| In anaphase I the homologous chromosomes separate at the __________? | synaptonemal complex. Note that the chromosomes do not separate at the centromeres in Anaphase I. |
| Does Meiosis go through one or two interphases? | 2. however the S phase is not present in interphase II or interkinesis. |
| Which stage of meiosis does tetrads line up in the center of the cell? | Metaphase I |
| In meiosis what enhances the genetic diversity? | random fertilization and independent sorting of homologous chromosomes to daught cells during meiosis |
| What is the chiasma? | The area where two homologous (non-sister) chromosomes are attached due to crossing over. |
| Most normal cells divide for ___ generations? | 20-50 generations |
| What does the cell cycle control system do? | receives messages from outside of the cell tha influence cell division. Triggers and controls major events in the cell cycle. Is influenced by growth factors that bind to cell receptors. |
| When does the synaptonemal complex form? | During prophase I of meiosis |
| What are the 2 phases of meiosis that cause the most variation in the four resulting daughter cells? | Prophase I and Anaphase I |
| If liver cells have 24 chromosomes then the sperm cells would have how many chromosomes? | 12 |
| Which phase of meiosis does crossing over and synapsis occur? | Prophase I of meiosis |
| If a specific species has a chromosome number of 2n=16, how many chromosomes would be found in a gamete from this species? | 8 |
| At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes photographed in the preparation of a karyotype? | metaphase of mitosis |
| Genetic differences in a clone are due to ? | Mutations |
| What is the name used for a method of organizing the homologous chromosomes of a cell inrelation to their number, size, and type? | karyotype |
| Which stage mitosis, Meiosis I or meiosis II , both or neither does the following happen? Homologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over occurs. | meiosis I only |
| Which stage mitosis, Meiosis I or meiosis II , both or neither does the following happen? This occurs when a cell divides to form two cells that are genetically identical. | Mitosis only |
| Which stage mitosis, Meiosis I or meiosis II , both or neither does the following happen? Centromeres uncouple and chromatids are separated from each other. | mitosis and meiosis II |
| Which stage mitosis, Meiosis I or meiosis II , both or neither does the following happen? Independt assortment of chromosomes occurs. | meiosis I only |
| Which stage mitosis, Meiosis I or meiosis II , both or neither does the following happen? The events during this process cause the majority of genetic recombinations. | meiosis I only |
| Which stage mitosis, Meiosis I or meiosis II , both or neither does the following happen? The process(es) is (are) preceded by a copying (replication) of the DNA. | mitosis and meiosis I |
| Which phase of meiosis are tetrads of chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell; independent assortment soon follows? | Metaphase I |
| Which phase of meiosis does synapsis of homologous pairs occurs; crossing over may occur. | prophase I |
| Which phase of meiosis is seen when the centromeres of sister chromatids uncouple and chromatids separate? | Anaphase II |
| In animals meiosis results in gametes and fertilization results in? | zygotes |
| The X and the Y chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes because? | The genes located on the chromosomes play a role in determining the sex of the individual. |
| In animals, somatic cells result from mitosis and _____ result from meiosis. | gametes |
