| A | B |
|---|
| Different forms of the same gene are called _____. | alleles p265 |
| Dominant alleles are represented by a _______ letter. | capital (ex:T= tall in pea plants) p266 |
| Recessive alleles are represented by a _______ letter. | lowercase (ex: t = short in pea plant; notice that the letter is the first letter of the dominant trait.) p266 |
| The types of alleles that an organism inherits is known as the ______. | genotype (example = Bb) |
| The physical expression of two alleles is known as the organism's _____. | phenotype p266 |
| Bb would be called the organism's _____ while "brown eyes" would be the organisms _____. | genotype, phenotype p266 |
| If B = brown eyes and b = blue eyes, what will be the color of your eyes if your genotype is BB? | Brown eyes pp266&267 |
| If B = brown eyes and b = blue eyes, what will be the color of your eyes if your genotype is Bb? | Brown eyes (remember that B is dominant) pp266&267 |
| If B = brown eyes and b = blue eyes, what will be the color of your eyes if your genotype is bb? | blue eyes pp266&267 |
| If B = brown eyes and b = blue eyes, what would the organisms genotype be if the organism was heterozygous? | Bb (remember that 'hetero' means 'different') pp266&267 |
| If B = brown eyes and b = blue eyes, what would the organisms genotype be if the organism is homozygous dominant? | BB (remember that 'homo' means 'same' or 'alike') pp266&267 |
| If B = brown eyes and b = blue eyes, what would the organisms genotype be if the organism is homozygous recessive? | bb (remember that 'homo' means 'same') pp266&267 |
In pea plants, T=tall and t=short. What will the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in this cross be? Give the expected percentages.,  | Genotype = 100% Heterozygous (Tt) Phenotype = 100% tall pp266&267,  |
In pea plants, T=tall and t=short. What will the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in this cross be? Give the expected percentages.,  | Genotype = 50% homozygous dominant (TT) and 50% heterozygous (Tt) Phenotype = 100% Tall pp266&267,  |
In pea plants, T=tall and t=short. What will the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in this cross be? Give the expected percentages.,  | Genotype = 25% Homozygous dominant (TT), 50% heterozygous (Tt) and 25% homozygous recessive (tt) Phenotype = 75% Tall and 25% short pp266&267,  |
In pea plants, T=tall and t=short. What will the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in this cross be? Give the expected percentages.,  | Genotype = 50% heterozygous (Tt) and 50% homozygous recessive (tt) Phenotype = 50%Tall and 50% short pp266&267,  |
| How would you set up a Punnett Square for a cross between a short male pea plant and a heterozygous tall female? | pp266&267, |
| Another word for heterozygous is ____. | hybrid p266 |
| Another word for homozygous is ____. | true -breeding (it's also called "purebred" sometimes) p266 |
| Another word for true-breeding is ____. | (homozygous it's also called "purebred" sometimes) p266, 
|
| Another word for hybrid is ____. | heterozygous p266,
|
| Gregor Mendel used ____ to study the inheritance of traits. | pea plants p262 |
| Mendel removed the male parts (stamens) from the flowers of some plants in order to prevent___. | self-pollination p263 |
| The person considered to be the father of genetics is ___. | Gregor Mendel p262 |
| Plants with the ___ phenotype of a character are always true-breeding. | recessive (Think about a short pea plant with the genotype "gg." If it self-pollinates, it will always produce offspring that are short) pp266&267 |
| Plants with the ____ phenotype of a character can be true-breeding while other plants with that same trait might not be true-breeding. | dominant (For instance, a tall pea plant would be true-breeding if it is homozygous but it wouldn't be true-breeding if it is heterozygous) pp266&267 |
| True-breeding pea plants that produced constricted pods were crossed with true-breeding plants that produced inflated pods. The resulting offspring all had inflated pods. It can be concluded that the ____ pod allele is dominant. | inflated pp266&267 |
| When alleles ___ from each other, they separate. | segregate p265 |
| Alleles segregate from each other when ___ form during the process of ___ (for most organisms). | gametes form during the process of meiosis (Plants actually produce a haploid spore via meiosis. The spore grows into a small or microscopic plant within or on the parent plant and undergoes mitosis to produce the gametes. Remember, the small gamete producing plant "gametophyte" is already haploid. In ferns, the gametophyte is actually bigger than the spore producing diploid stage) p265 |
| The type of inheritance where neither allele is dominant and they tend to produce a mix of the two traits such as blue + white = light blue would be _____. | incomplete dominance p271 |
| The type of inheritance where both alleles are dominant (such as red fur + white fur = red and white fur hairs in roan cattle) is known as ____. | codominance p272 |
| The type of inheritance where there is more than two alleles for a single character, such as A, B, and O alleles for blood type, is known as ____. | multiple alleles p272 |
| If your genotype for blood type is IA,IA, what is your blood type? | type A p273 |
| If your genotype for blood type is IA,i, what is your blood type? | Type A p273 |
| If your genotype for blood type is IB,IB, what is your blood type? | Type B p273 |
| If your genotype for blood type is IB,i, what is your blood type? | type B p273 |
| If your genotype for blood type is IA,IB, what is your blood type? | Type AB p273 |
| If your genotype for blood type is ii, what is your blood type? | Type O p273 |
What are the expected blood types of the offspring of this cross? (The A stands for IA and the O stands for i),  | 25% type AB blood, 25% type A blood, 25% type B blood, 25% type O blood p273,  |
| How would you set up a Punnett Square for a cross between a heterozygous blood type A male and a heterozygous blood type B female? | (Change the A's to IA's the B's to IB's and the O's to i's) p273, |
| How would you set up a cross between a male with type AB blood and a female with type O blood? (The A stands for IA, the B's stand for IB and the O stands for i) | (Change the A's to IA's the B's to IB's and the O's to i's) p273,  |
| What are the expected blood types of the offspring and what are the odds of each?, | 50% of the offspring are expected to have type A blood and 50% are expected to have type B blood. All offspring will be heterozygous (Remember that the O allele is recessive) p273,  |
| A trait, like human skin color, that involves several different genes is called a(n) _____. | polygenic trait (remember, "poly" means many and "genic" refers to genes) p274 |
| A(n) _____ is a heritable feature, such as flower or eye color, that varies among individuals. | character p263 |
| Each variant for a character, such as purple or white flowers, is called a(n) ______. | trait p263 |
| Mendel made sure he started his experiments with plants that were ______. This type of plant always produces offspring of the same variety when it self-pollinates. | true breeding p264 |
| The mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties is called _________. | hybridization p264 |
| Which law states that the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in separate gametes? | The Law of Segregation p265 |
| To determine whether an organism with a dominant characteristic is heterozygous or homozygous, a(n) ______ is made with an individual that is _____ for the characteristic in question. | testcross, recessive p267 |
| A dihybrid cross between 2 individuals that are heterozygous for two independently assorting characterisitics (such as seed color and seed shape), produces the classic ________ ratio. | 9:3:3:1 ratio p268,  |
| Which law states that each pair of alleles segregate independently of other pairs during gamete formation? When is this law not true? | Law of independent assortment. This law does not hold true if the alleles for two different characteristics are located on the same chromosome. p269 |
| What is the definition of complete dominance? | Chuck Norris (vs. anyone) pp1-1263,  |
| Dominant alleles are _______ more common in populations than recessive alleles. | not necessarily (for example, the O allele for the ABO blood groups is recessive but is more common in the human gene pool than the A and B alleles combined) p272 |
| New alleles for a gene are formed by _________ that survive the ________ process. | mutations, natural selection |
| What is it called when one gene has multiple phenotypic effects? | Pleiotropy p273 |
| What is it called when a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus? | Epistasis (An example can be found in Labrador Retrievers. Black fur color is dominant to brown, but a gene determines whether any pigment will be deposited at all. If two recessive alleles for pigment deposition are inherited, it doesn't matter whether the dog inherits the black or the brown allele. The fur will be yellowish. Because the gene for pigment deposition controls the expression of the gene for fur color, it is said to be epistatic to the gene for fur color. Epistasis means "standing upon" in Greek) p273 |
| The type of inheritance that is shown when a trait is controlled by two or more genes is _______. | polygenic inheritance p274 |
| Human skin color is controlled by ________ inheritance. | polygenic (meaning that more than one gene affects skin color) |
| Characteristics that vary in the population along a continuum are called _______ characters and are usually a sign of _______ inheritance. | quantitative characters, polygenic inheritance (for example, human skin color varies along a continuum from light to dark) p274 |
| _______ characters are those that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. | Multifactorial p275 |
| The ________ is the phenotypic range of a particular genotype that is influenced by the environment. | norm of reaction (This range is usually greatest for polygenic characters. For instance, human height is probably controlled by several genes. For any given set of alleles that you inherit that affect height, your height will also be influenced by your diet growing up. The range of height that individuals with the same alleles can achieve is the norm of reaction) p274 |
| The "norm of reaction" is the phenotypic range of a particular genotype that is influenced by the ______. | environment p274 |
| Can include physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology and behavior. | Phenotype p266 |
| A(n) ________ is a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations. | pedigree p275,  |
A chart like the one below is called a _____.,  | pedigree p275, |
| ________ disease is a genetic disease that causes red blood cells to become malformed but also gives carriers increased resistance against the _____ parasite. | sickle-cell disease, malaria parasite p277 |
| Mating between close relatives increases the chances of offspring inheriting ______ alleles for genetic diseases. | recessive p277 |
| Cancer and lung disease are examples of ______ disorders because they have both environmental and genetic components. | multifactorial p279 |
| _______ is a fetal test that extracts fluid from the womb in order to isolate cells needed to create a karyotype. | Amniocentesis p280 |
| _______ is a fetal test that extracts tissue from the placenta in order to isolate cells needed to create a karyotype. | Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) p280 |
| A cross in which you are following only 1 character and using a 2 X 2 Punnett square is called a(n) _______ cross. | monohybrid p267 |
| A cross in which you are following only 2 characters (like flower color and pod shape in pea plants) and using a 4 X 4 Punnett square is called a(n) _______ cross. | dihybrid p268 |
| Recessively inherited disorders often times don't show any symptoms for people who are heterozygous. These people are called ______ because they can pass the recessive allele on to their offspring. | Carriers (If both parents are carriers, the offspring has a 1 in 4 chance of getting two copies of the recessive allele, and therefore, the disease) |
| To get sickle-cell disease, one must inherit ____________ of the recessive allele for sickle-cells. Carriers of this allele have a _______ genotype and have what is called _______ instead of the full blown sickle-cell disease. | both copies, heterozygous, sickle-cell trait (Until recently, it was unlikely that people with sickle-cell disease would have offspring because of the severity of the symptoms. Regular blood transfusions and new drugs have helped people with the disease lead more normal lives. People who are heterozygous and only have the "sickle-cell trait" show only mild symptoms and usually only when they are low on oxygen, like when they are at high altitude. The fact that people with sickle-cell trait also show resistance to deadly malaria is an explanation for why this allele can be found in high frequency in parts of the world where malaria is found, like Africa) pp277&278 |
| A disease that is recessive and lethal (before birth) would produce a genotype ratio of ____ for normal to carriers if both parents were carriers. | 1 to 2 ratio (the typical 1:2:1 genotype ratio wouldn't be seen because the homozygous recessives wouldn't make it to birth) p277 |
| A lethal dominant disease like Huntington's can only be explained by ____. | a delayed onset of the disease past the start of reproductive age (People who inherit a dominant Huntington's allele will die, but not until they are somewhere between 35 to 40 years old. That is why this dominant lethal allele can be passed on in the first place. If one of your parents is a carrier for Huntington's disease, you have 50% chance of getting the disease. in the rare instance where both of your parents are carriers, you have a 75% chance of getting the disease. It is possible that a parent could even be homozygous for the disease if both of his/her parents died of the disease. In that case, all of the offspring of this parent would end up dying of the disease) p278 |
