| A | B |
|---|
| homeostasis | maintaining stable internal conditions |
| organelle | a part of the cell with a specific function |
| ion | unequal number of protons and electrons |
| isotope | unequal number of protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | the number of protons in an atom |
| atomic mass | the mass of the atomic nucleus |
| covalent bond | occurs when atoms share electrons |
| ionic bond | occurs when atoms transfer electrons |
| solvent | the substance used to dissolve something |
| solute | the substance being dissolved |
| acid | a solution with an excess number of H+ ions |
| base | a solution with an excess number of OH- ions |
| hydrophilic | substances that can interact with water |
| hydrophobic | "water fearing" |
| cohesion | water's attraction to other water molecules |
| adhesion | water's attraction to other polar molecules |
| monomer | the smallest subunit of a polymer |
| polymer | a molecule built by linking monomers |
| monosaccharide | single sugar |
| polysaccharide | many sugars |
| phospholipid | a molecule with a polar head and a non-polar tail; makes up cell membranes |
| saturated fat | a type of fat with no double bonds |
| unsaturated fat | a type of fat with one or more double bonds |
| denature | to change the shape of a protein molecule |
| enzyme | a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of nucleic acids |
| amino acid | the building blocks of proteins |
| ribose sugar | sugar in RNA |
| deoxyribose sugar | sugar in DNA |
| hypothesis | a testable statement / educated guess |
| glycocalyx | carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane |
| active transport | requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane |
| passive transport | no energy is used to move substances across the plasma membrane |
| diffusion | substances moving down their concentration gradient |
| endocytosis | taking large molecules into a cell |
| exocytosis | removing large molecules from the cell |
| ribosome | site of protein synthesis |
| cytoskeleton | provides cell with strength, shape, support |
| golgi complex | packages molecules inside of a cell |
| lysosome | breaks down subtances inside of a cell using digestive enzymes |
| mitochondria | the powerhouse of the cell |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | modifies and processes proteins |
| chloroplast | the site of photosynthesis |
| transcription | DNA --> RNA |
| translation | process that occurs on a ribosome; yields a polypeptide chain / protein |
| anticodon | a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule |
| interphase | portion of the cell cycle dedicated to growth and DNA replication |
| homologous chromosome | a pair of matching chromosomes - one from mom, one from dad |
| sister chromatids | duplicated chromosomes |
| metaphase | chromatids are lined up in the middle of the cell |
| anaphase | chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell |
| telophase | new nucleus is formed |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| mitosis | division of the nucleus |
| diploid | full number of chromosomes; in humans, it's 46 |
| haploid | single set of chromosomes; in humans, it's 23 |
| spermatogonium | precursor to a sperm cell |
| oogonium | precursor to an egg cell |
| gamete | a sex cell |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| entropy | disorder in the universe |
| adenosine triphosphate | the energy currency of the cell |
| endergonic | a reaction that requires an input of energy |
| exergonic | a reaction that releases energy |
| active site | the substrate binds to an enzyme here |
| substrate | the substance that an enzyme acts upon |
| competitive inhibition | occurs when a substance other than the substrate binds to the active site |
| allosteric regulation | occurs when a substances binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site; can alter an enzyme's shape |
| reduction | gaining electrons |
| oxidation | losing electrons |
| glycolysis | splitting glucose into pyruvic acid / pyruvate; yields 2 ATP |
| Krebs cycle | process during cellular respiration that yields 2 ATP, CO2, NADH and FADH2 |
| Electron Transport Chain | yields 34 ATP molecules |
| oxygen | the final electron acceptor in the ETC |
| ATP synthase | enzyme used in the ETC to make ATP |
| thylakoids | membrane sacs inside the chloroplast that contain chlorophyll |
| stroma | liquid inside of chloroplast; where the Calvic Cycle occurs |
| light reactions | Uses water and sunlight to generate ATP, NADPH, and O2 |
| Calvin Cycle | Uses ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to generate sugar |
| C4 photosynthesis | in dry environments, plants use this method of photosynthesis to reroute CO2 to bundle sheath cells |
| CAM photosynthesis | In hot, dry environments plants store CO2 at night |
| stomata | tiny openings in leaves that regulate gas exchange |
| xylem | tissue that transports water and minerals in plants |
| phloem | tissue that transports food in plants |
| epithelial tissue | outer coverings |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary muscles that move bones |
| neuron | nerve cell |
