| A | B |
|---|
| Fugitive Slave Law | made it a law that northern states had to forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South |
| Dred Scott | 1857 Supreme Court ruling that denied that African Americans had rights as citizens |
| Underground Railroad | a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada |
| Secession | the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 over disagreements about slavery and states' rights |
| Confederacy | name of government used by the southern states that seceded during the Civil War |
| Jefferson Davis | the first president of the Confederacy |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States; preserved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves |
| Emancipation | the freeing of slaves |
| Oregon Trail | a 2000-mile route from Independence |
| Cholera | a disease caused by bacteria in food and water |
| Monroe Doctrine | warning issued by President James Monroe in 1823 to European nations not to interfere in the Americas |
| Indian Removal Act of 1830 | law that gave President Andrew Jackson the power to "exchange" lands with Native Americans and move them further west to open up their lands for colonists in the southeast United States |
| Trail of Tears | path that the Army took to move 15 |
| Louisiana Purchase | territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President; author of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase; sent out the Lewis & Clark Expedition |
| Sacagawea | a Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark on their expedition |
| War of 1812 | a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England |
| Andrew Jackson | a general in the War of 1812 who went on to become the 7th President |
| Tecumseh | a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against increasing white settlement in the West; fought against the U.S. in the War of 1812 |
| Constitution | a written plan of government |
| Articles of Confederation | the document that created the first central government for the United States |
| Great Compromise | compromise made at the Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house |
| 3/5 Compromise | the decision at the Constitutional Convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding how many seats each state would have in Congress |
| Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments to the Constitution |
