| A | B |
|---|
| Medici Family | The rulers of the city-state Milan in Italy. They were patrons of the arts. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Famous Artist during the renaissance period, painted the Mona Lisa, and The Last Supper. |
| Francisco Pizarro | He conquered the Inca Empire.. By following an example set Cortez he became friends with the Inca then turned on them when the time was right. |
| Vasco de Gama | He was the first explorer to get to India by sailing around Africa |
| Christopher Columbus | He found America thinking it was Asia and believed the world was round. |
| Henry the Navigator | Thought it would be quicker to get to Asia by going around Africa |
| Bartholomew Dias | first to sail around Cape of Good Hope |
| Ferdinand Magellan | He was the first to circumnavigate the world. |
| Hernando Cortes | He was a conquistador of the Aztecs and used alliances to conquer. Failed at first attempt regrouped and won. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | wrote about voyage to Brazil; America named for him |
| Jacques Cartier | claimed Quebec for France |
| Henry Hudson | Explored Hudson Bay and Hudson River |
| John Cabot | claimed Newfoundland for England |
| Martin Luther | Against indulgences and wrote the 95 theses. Was asked to recant by the Catholic Church and at the Diet of Worms but refused, and was excommunicated. Responsible for creating Lutheranism and the idea of Justification by Faith. |
| John Calvin | Started Calvinism as a rebellion against the Catholic Church, invented the present day Presbyterian church. |
| Pedro Cabral | A Portuguese explorer who discovered what is today Brazil on accident |
| Henry VIII | Wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to get a male heir but couldn’t because of the Catholic Church and created the Anglican Church to get a male heir. |
| Ignatius of Loyola | Hurt his leg in war and then devoted his life to religion. Was leader of the Jesuits, an order of priests created by the Pope. |
| Michelangelo | Known for painting architecture and sculpture. He got fed up with patrons (“The Melancholy Genius”). His artwork includes the Sistine Chapel, the Piéta, David and Architecture dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral. |
| Albrecht Dürer | Called the Leonardo of the North because he focused on many other professions besides art like da Vinci. Created engravings. Known as “The German Leonardo” and painted self-portraits. |
| Edward VI | Henry VIII’s only son. Made England more Protestant than it was under Henry’s rule and had the Book of Common Prayer issued, which had rules and traditions for the Anglican Church. |
| Mary Tudor | Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Made England a Catholic nation again and brought papal supremacy back. Got the nickname Bloody Mary because she executed many Protestants for heresy |
| Filippo Brunelleschi | Famous for his architecture. He built the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral in Florence. He studied art and sculpture with Donatello and was an accomplished engineer, inventing many of the machines he used to make the dome. |
| Elizabeth I | Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Her policies were a compromise between Protestant and Catholic. Didn’t care if people were Catholic or Protestant unless they believed in Jesus. Ended decades of religious turbulence and allowed religious toleration. |
| Donatello | Created the first life size statue of a man on horseback. |
| Copernicus | Created the heliocentric theory |
| Niccoló Machiavelli | Famous for study of government. He wrote the Prince which is how a person could go go about gaining and maintaining power-like a how to guide. “The end justifies the means” which means you should be able to do whatever is necessary to reach your goal. |
| Galileo | Used a telescope to prove the heliocentric theory. Catholic Church forced him to recant or face charges of death. Recanted but took back everything he said when he was walking out. |
| Isaac Newton | Stated the law of universal gravitation to prove the theory. Used math to find this out, which led to calculus. |
| Baldasarre Castiglione | Royal the Courtier which refers to the Royal Court and the book is about manners that a member of the court should have. It also described the ideal man |
| Descartes | Stressed human reasoning as the best way to understand things. Came up with the famous quote, “I think, therefore I am.” |
| Francesco Petrarch | Known for his poetry and letter writing and he also gathered lots of Greek and Roman writings. A lot of writers during the renaissance used what they thought of something to express their feelings or opinions Father of Humanism |
| Francis Bacon | Created the hypothesis, which says that the human mind can sometimes make generalizations to quickly and can trick the mind into thinking it is something else |
| Teresa of Avila | Spanish nun who set up convents and monasteries throughout Spain |
| Johannes Gutenberg | Printed the first complete Bible using the Printing Press |
| Pope Alexander VI | Created the Line of Demarcation- under the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1493 |
| Cosimo Medici | Raised importance of art and poetry in Florence |
| Lorenzo Medici | Cosimo’s grandson; patron for Michelangelo and da Vinci. He was a tyrant and treated people very badly. |
| William Shakespeare | An English writer who wrote plays and enriched the English language by using vernacular |
| Catherine of Aragon | King Henry VIII first wife, Charles V’s niece, queen of Spain |
| Miguel de Cervantes | Wrote the book Don Quixote, a book that makes fun of the code of conduct that the knights lived by |
| Pope Alexander | Created the Line of Demarcation through the Treaty of Tordesillas |
| Francious Rabelais | A french humorist (poked fun at religion and some people took it too seriously) |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Was a humanist who became a Dutch Priest. He translated the New Testament using the vernacular. Also wrote the Praise of Folly which talked about the immoral behavior of the clergy |
| Thomas More | Was utopian which describes an ideal society often with the implication that such a society is impractical. |
| John Calvin | The idea of Presestination and wrote “The Institutes of the Christian Religion.” He also established a theocracy in Geneva and started the Presbyterian Church. |
