| A | B |
|---|
| Biosphere | all organisms and the part of Earth where they exist. |
| Organism | any individual living thing. |
| Cell | basic unit of life. |
| Homeostasis | regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism. |
| Adaptation | inherited trait that is selected for over time because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment. |
| Scientific Theory | testable; supported by data |
| Gene | specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein. |
| Biotechnology | use and application of living things and biological processes. |
| Transgenic Organism | organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species. |
| Element | substance made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down by chemical means. |
| Compound | substance made of atoms of different elements that are bonded together in a particular ratio. |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds; not necessarily a compound. |
| Bond | two types: Ionic and Covalent |
| Proton | found in nucleus, positively charged, # of protons determines the atom |
| Neutron | found in nucleus, neutral charge, adds mass |
| Electron | found outside the nucleus |
| Covalent Bond | chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. |
| Ionic Bond | chemical bond formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions. |
| Hydrogen Bond | attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. |
| Cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance. |
| Adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances. |
| Specific Heat | Amount of heat that it takes to change a substance from a liquid to a gas |
| Surface Tension | water molecules that stick together to form a film |
| Solvent | substance in which solutes dissolve and that is present in greatest concentration in a solution. |
| Solute | substance that dissolves in a solvent and is present at a lower concentration than the solvent. |
| Fatty Acids | hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid. |
| Phospholipids | molecule that forms a double-layered cell membrane; consists of a glycerol, a phosphate group, and two fatty acids. |
| Proteins | polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; folds into a particular structure depending on bonds between amino acids. |
| Carbohydrate | molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches. |
| Nucleic Acids | polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms. |
| Enzymes | protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms. |
| Active Transport | energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. |
| Centrioles | small cylinder-shaped organelle made of protein tubes arranged in a circle; aids mitosis. |
| Centrosomes | helps the cell reproduction process |
| Concentration Gradient | difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another. |
| Cytoplasm | jellylike substance inside cells that contains molecules and in some cells organelles. |
| Cytoskeleton | network of proteins, such as microtubules and microfilaments, inside a eukaryotic cell that supports and shapes the cell. |
| Equlibrium | condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels that pierce a cell membrane. |
| Golgi Apparatus | stack of flat, membrane-enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort, and deliver proteins. |
| Hypertonic | solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution. |
| Hypotonic | solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution. |
| Isotonic | solution that has an equal concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution. |
| Lysosome | organelle that contains enzymes. |
| Mitochondria | bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA. |
| Organelles | membrane-bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell. |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. |
| Passive Transport | movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell. |
| Ribosome | organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins. |
| Vacule | organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food, or enzymes, that are needed by the cell. |
| Vesicles | small organelle that contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm. |
| Photosynthesis | process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy; produces sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Producer | organism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources, such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals. |
| Consumer | organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by eating other organisms. |
| Decomposer | detritivore that breaks down organic matter into simpler compounds, returning nutrients back into an ecosystem. |
| Chlorophyll | light-absorbing pigment molecule in photosynthetic organisms. |
| Cellular Respiration | process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present. |
| Lactic Acid | product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells. |
| Glycolysis | anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP are produced. |
| Antibotics | chemical that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. |
| Bacteria | one of the three domains of life, containing single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. |
| Endospores | prokaryotic cell with a thick, protective wall surrounding its DNA. |
| Cyanobacteria | bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis. |
| Flagella | whip like structures |
| Lysogenic Infection | infectious pathway of a virus in which host cells are not immediately destroyed. |
| Lytic Infection | infectious pathway of a virus in which host cells are destroyed. |
| Obligate Aerobes | prokaryote that cannot survive without the presence of oxygen. |
| Obligate Anerobes | prokaryote that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. |
| Pathogen | agent that causes disease. |
| Phylogeny | evolutionary history of a group of related species. |
| Phili | makes bacteria stick to other surfaces |
| Plasmid | circular piece of genetic material found in bacteria that can replicate separately from the DNA of the main chromosome. |
| Prion | infectious agent that consists of a protein fragment that can cause other proteins to fold incorrectly. |
| Retro Virus | virus that contains RNA and uses the enzyme called reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy. |
| Vaccine | substance that stimulates an immune response, producing acquired immunity without illness or infection. |
| Viroid | infectious particle made of single-stranded RNA without a protein coat, that almost always use plants as their host. |
| Virus | infectious particle made only of a strand of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. |
