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| This philosopher stated that the mind is a "thinking thing" separate from the brain, a concept expanded on in his work The Passions of the Soul. He popularized a style of thinking that eliminated all but basic, or foundational, beliefs, stating that humans could only believe that they were awake. This philosopher put forth a proof that God is real, which stated that if God were not real, he would not be able to think of God. That proof is found in this man’s Meditations on First Philosophy. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote Discourse on Method, in which he stated "cogito ergo sum," or “I think, therefore I am.” | ANSWER: Rene Descartes |
| This philosopher was the personal tutor of Alexander the Great and the author of Poetics and Politics. His works span the topics of physics, metaphysics, rhetoric, logic, and biology. | ANSWER: Aristotle |
| Headed by Theophrastus after Aristotle, this Athenian building was both a gymnasium and home to Aristotle's Peripatetic school | ANSWER: Lyceum |
| [10] This work of Aristotle consists of 10 books based on notes from his lectures at the Lyceum. It attempts to define eudaimona and describes the development of a good character to achieve happiness. | ANSWER: Nicomachean Ethics <SH> |
| This man introduced cocaine to Karl Koller as a cure for morphine addiction, and he first gained recognition for discovering the reproductive organs in eels. He wrote numerous letters to Wilhelm Fliess, and analyzed the Jewish religion in another work, Moses and Monotheism. He argued that structured society infringes upon individual desires in his Civilization and Its Discontents, and wrote a case study on Anna O., Studies on Hysteria. He developed the ideas of the id, ego, and superego in Beyond the Pleasure Principle. For 10 points, name this Austrian psychoanalyst, the author of The Interpretation of Dreams. | ANSWER: Sigmund Freud |
| This founder of analytical psychology proposed the five archetypes: shadow, self, persona, anima, and animus. He described synchronicity and complexes and coined the term "collective unconscious." | ANSWER: Carl Gustav Jung |
| He was tortured by strappado after the conquest of his home city by the Medici, but denied accusations of conspiracy Name this Florentine author of Discourses on Livy. | ANSWER: Niccolo di Bernardo de Machiavelli |
| After his torture, Machiavelli retired to his estate and wrote this work, his most famous, dedicated to Lorenzo II de Medici. In it he describes the methods by which the title figure may maintain his reputation. | ANSWER: The Prince or Il Principe |
| This thinker’s Inaugural Essay distinguished between intellectual thought and sensible receptivity. He expanded on Swedenborg’s nebular hypothesis of the formation of the solar system. In one work, this philosopher defined the Enlightenment by the phrase "Sapere aude," or "Dare to know," maintaining that one should think autonomously. this author of Groundwork on the Metaphysics of Morals, in which he introduced his categorical imperative, also wrote a work splitting synthetic and analytic judgments into a priori and a posteriori types. For 10 points, name this Prussian philosopher, author of Critique of Pure Reason. | ANSWER: Immanuel Kant <WD> |
| Joseph Schumpeter criticized this thinker’s abstract reasoning and labelled it his namesake vice. He made his fortune in arbitrage of government securities during the Napoleonic Wars, and described the economic advantage of land used to its most productive capacity in his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. In addition to his Law of Rent, this economist also used the trade of English cloth for Portuguese wine to describe his most famous principle. For 10 points, name this 19th-century British economist who described the theory of comparative advantage and argued against the Corn Laws. | ANSWER: David Ricardo <RY> |
| In one work, this man claimed that school vouchers should replace the current public education system, and in another he claimed that theories must be judged by their simplicity and fruitfulness. In addition to that work, Essays in Positive Economics, this thinker opposed military conscription and argued for floating exchange rates. In his most famous work, this man claimed that the Federal Reserve should increase the money supply by 3 to 5 percent every year and end the Bretton Woods system. For 10 points, name this economist who opposed John Maynard Keynes, a monetarist at the University of Chicago | ANSWER: Milton Friedman <PM> |
| This philosopher advises autodidacts on rational thinking in Of the Conduct of the Understanding, and emphasizes psychosomatic connections and explains how to teach virtue and reason in Some Thoughts Concerning Education. This thinker argues that more religious groups prevent civil unrest in A Letter Concerning Toleration, while in his most famous work he rejects the divine-right theory, arguing for a civil government based on universal rights and the social contract. A proponent of the theory of tabula rasa, for 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote Two Treatises of Government and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. | ANSWER: John Locke <MZ> |
| The author called this work the "deepest ever written" and in it, a madman cries "God is dead!" quoting the author's previous work The Gay Science. Name this philosophical work that deals with eternal recurrence and the Ubermensch, centering around the travels of a reclusive prophet. | ANSWER: Thus Spoke Zarathustra: |
| This author of Thus Spoke Zarathustra wrote about the will to power and the master-slave morality in On the Genealogy of Morality and discussed the Apollonian and Dionysian in Birth of Tragedy. | Nietzsche |
| This autobiography, signed Dionysus vs the Crucified, was Nietzsche's final work before his insanity and includes chapters like "Why I Am So Clever" and "Why I Write Such Good Books" in which he reviews his previous works. | ANSWER: Ecce Homo |
| This Yale psychologist conducted the lost letter experiment, the small world experiment, and a namesake experiment in which an authority figure ordered subjects to administer painful electric shocks | Stanley Milgram |
| In this controversial experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo, subjects were assigned roles as guards and inmates. It was ended early after guards physically and psychologically abused the inmates. | ANSWER: Stanford prison experiment |
| This man wrote a commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, and wrote about the difference between "the believer" and "the philosopher" in another work. He wrote On the Eternity of the World and On There Being Only One Intellect Against the Averroists. In another work he adopted the argument of God as the "first mover." His Quinque viae appear in his most famous work, in which he prefaced each point with the phrase "I answer that." This Dominican author of Summa Contra Gentiles attempted to reconcile Christian thought with Aristotle’s philosophy. For 10 points, name this theologian who gave five proofs for the existence of God in his Summa Theologica. | ANSWER: Saint Thomas Aquinas |
| This German author of The Poverty of Philosophy influenced the ideologies of revolutionaries such as Lenin and Che Guevara. | ANSWER: Karl Heinrich Marx |
| This philosopher wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England and co-founded communism with Karl Marx. | Friedrich Engels |
| Engels collaborated with Marx on this work which describes the class struggle and states that “the proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.” | The Communist Manifesto <SH |
| This philosopher wrote The Positivity of the Christian Religion and argued that "the State is actually existing realized moral life" in his The Philosophy of History. His most notable work describes a collective social consciousness called the geist, as well as the development of self-consciousness out of two forces seeking dominance in the master-slave dialectic. His namesake dialectic describes the synthesis resolving the conflict between the inevitable antithesis and the pre-existing thesis. For 10 points, name this German philosopher, the founder of absolute idealism and author of The Phenomenology of Spirit. | ANSWER: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel <MA> |
| A conversation between this person and James Baldwin on the title subject was transcribed in the book A Rap on Race. This writer’s most influential work was challenged by Derek Freeman as "an anthropological myth," claiming that this person had little familiarity with the namesake ethnic group's language, and that she had erroneously depicted their community on Tau Island as an ideal paradise. For 10 points, name this anthropologist and writer of Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies and Coming of Age in Samoa. | ANSWER: Margaret Mead <MA> |
| This philosopher wrote The Second Sex, where she claims men define women as the "other" sex, an incomplete and flawed version of themselves. | Simone de Beauvoir |
| The Second Sex is considered a seminal work of this movement which seeks equal rights for both sexes. Other philosophers of this movement include Betty Friedan and Mary Wollstonecraft. | ANSWER: feminism |
| [10] The Second Sex is also associated with this philosophical movement that concerns humanity and free will. Nausea, by Beauvoir's lover Jean-Paul Sartre, is considered one of the defining works of this movement. | ANSWER: existentialism <MA> |
| Name this ancient Greek philosophical movement which, as its name would imply, questions the value of perception and is centered around the belief that nothing can be known. | skepticism |
| Skepticism has its roots in this other philosophical school which rejected formal philosophy, whose adherents abandoned their wealth in a desire to "return to nature." | ANSWER: cynicism |
| [10] This is the founder of cynicism, who embraced the epithet "kynikos," or dog-like, referring to his lifestyle that included begging and sleeping outdoors. | ANSWER: Diogenes |
| This determined the relationship, when not governed by Say’s Law, of employment and output in his principle of effective demand. He depicted the equilibrium level of GDP in his namesake cross diagram, and criticized Churchill’s reintroduction of the gold standard. He proposed the founding of an International Clearing Union and the bancor, a world currency. Known for his condemnation of the Treaty of Versailles in his work The Economic Consequences of the Peace, for 10 points, name this British economist who argued for high government spending and wrote General Theory of Employment, Money and Interest. | ANSWER: John Maynard Keynes <ZZ> |
| . In one of this man’s works, he argued that the design argument was flawed due to an incomplete analogy and lack of experience of multiple universes. In contrast to the rationalists who preceded him, he stated in one of his works that "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions." In that work, A Treatise of Human Nature, he also argued against causality, denying that one can ever perceive cause and effect. In another work, he discusses the idea that only through prior experience can causal relationships be found. For 10 points, name the author of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. | ANSWER: David Hume |
| This school's philosophers include the authors of works such as The Fixation of Belief and The Quest for Certainty. | ANSWER: pragmatism |
| [10] This follower of pragmatism described the school using an analogy of a squirrel running around a tree. This philosopher and psychologist was responsible for works such as Principles of Psychology as well as The Varieties of Religious Experience. | ANSWER: William James |
| [10] This pragmatist wrote works such as The Public and its Problems, although he may be better known for the education reforms described in Democracy and Education. | ANSWER: John Dewey <ZZ/MA> |
| In one work, this man argued against the belief in free will due to the relationship between environment and behavior, and discussed cultural engineering. That work is Beyond Freedom and Dignity. This man wrote of T.E. Frazier's utopian community, which Noam Chomsky compared to a concentration camp, in his work Walden Two. He developed the air crib and a missile guided by pigeons, and his most famous invention gave its subjects food or electric shocks in response to certain actions. For 10 points, name this radical behaviorist and developer of operant conditioning who created a namesake box | ANSWER: Burrhus Frederic Skinner |
| This work sees the development of a child free from the restrictions of society, who develops sentiment as the last part of his education and who marries Heloise. | ANSWER: Émile: or On Education |
| [10] This author of Émile also wrote Julie, or the New Heloise, and stated that "man is born free but is everywhere in chains" in The Social Contract. | ANSWER: Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| Name this sociological work which argues that Calvinists sought worldly success as a sign of predestination, spurring the development of the title economic system. | ANSWER: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism |
| This sociologist and author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism also studied social stratification and the poor development of capitalism in Judaism, as well as the religions of China and India. | "Max" Weber |
| A notable work from this school of thought argues against the moral claims of Kant and presents a list of items commonly viewed as just and unjust. In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls critiques this school. One proponent of this advocated for felicific calculus, while Karl Popper and others argued for a "negative" form of it. Notable adherents include Peter Singer, who wants to expand it to encompass all sentient beings. Founded by Jeremy Bentham, it holds that the right act benefits the greatest number of people possible. For 10 points, name this philosophical school whose name titles a John Stuart Mill work. | ANSWER: utilitarianism |
| In one work, this man stressed the importance of birth order in determining personality. That work also states that the second child is the least likely to suffer from personality defects which could be caused by pampering, neglect, or organ dysfunction. In another work, this man claimed that homosexuality was caused by a fear of contact with the unknown sex. This author of Superiority and Social Order founded the school of individual psychology. For 10 points, name this author of The Neurotic Character, an Austrian psychotherapist who coined the term "inferiority complex." | ANSWER: Alfred Adler |
| Unlike Legalism, this philosophy advocates that all people are intrinsically good. Filial piety, li, ren, and the seven relationships are core to this philosophy whose founder's teachings are collected in The Analects. | ANSWER: Confucianism |
| This author of Rules of the Sociological Method and The Division of Labor in Society coined the term "collective consciousness" and wrote about four types of suicide. | David Emile Durkheim |
| This philosopher stated that the mind can gain negative knowledge via perception, and attempted to resolve the problem of negative existentials with a theory of descriptions in On Denoting. He rejected the teleological and cosmological arguments in one work, and his namesake teapot illustrates the necessity to make scientifically unfalsifiable claims rather than to simply shift the burden of proof. In addition to A History of Western Philosophy, he wrote the aforementioned Why I Am Not a Christian, as well as Analysis of the Mind. For 10 points, name this man who collaborated with Alfred North Whitehead to write Principia Mathmathica. | ANSWER: Bertrand Russell |
| This man rejected the scholastic interpretation of Aristotle's categories of subjects. He wrote about John Duns Scotus in his doctoral thesis, and later wrote an essay titled The Question of Technology. This philosopher believed that Western philosophy should be subject to "Destruktion," influencing Derrida's deconstructionism. This man rejected his influence on existentialism, and worked under Edmund Husserl at the University of Freiburg. In his most famous work, he used the term “Dasein” to posit his "question of being." For 10 points, name this German author of Being and Time, a fervent Nazi supporter. | ANSWER: Martin Heidegger |
| This psychologist coined the term "identity crisis" and developed a pyramid of 8 stages of development from infancy to old age involving autonomy, identity, love, productivity and despair. | Erik Erikson |
| This Swiss psychologist studied object permanence and egocentricism in children and produced a namesake four-stage theory of cognitive development. | ANSWER: Jean Piaget |
| He created the Religion of Humanity and proposed a positivist calendar. Name this French founder of positivism whose Law of Three Stages states that society develops though the theological, metaphysical and positivity stages. | ANSWER: Auguste Comte |
| Comte first coined this doctrine which holds that individuals are morally obliged to engage in selfless behavior to benefit others at a cost to oneself. | ANSWER: ethical altruism |
| This founder of Objectivism and author of The Fountainhead denied ethical altruism and wrote about Dagny Taggart, Hank Rearden and the mysterious John Galt in Atlas Shrugged. | ANSWER: Ayn Rand |
| This thinker was the sole writer and publisher of a magazine that criticized the government of his home nation, The Moment. One of his works defining Socratic wisdom is called Philosophical Fragments, while his The Seducer's Diary is a section of a work where Cornelia is wooed by the writer Johannes Climacus. That work in its entirety is written by four pseudonymous authors: Climacus, A, B, and "the judge,” while it was compiled by Victor Eremita. The author of Sickness unto Death and Fear and Trembling, for 10 points, name this Danish philosopher who wrote Either/Or. | ANSWER: Soren Kierkegaard |
