| A | B |
|---|
| Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the repeated pairing of a neural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to produce a conditioned response |
| Albert Bandura | 1925 - present; Conducted a series of classic studies on how children model aggressive behavior towards an inflatable Bobo doll and developed the concept of observational learning |
| Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) | Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response |
| B.F. Skinner | 1904 - 1990; Proponent of behavorist perspective and pioneer in the field of operant conditioning |
| Behavior Modification | The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior |
| Biofeedback | The use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control |
| Biological Preparedness | Referring to the tendancy of animals to learn certian associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning |
| Classical Conditioning | Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex |
| Cognitive Learning | Learning model that focuses on the mental processes required for the acquisition of new behaviors |
| Cognitive Perspective | Modern theory in psychology that focuses on mental processes and the study of conscious experiences |
| Conditioned Emotional Response | Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person |
| Conditioned Response | Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus | Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Taste Aversions | Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association |
| Continuous Reinforcement | The reinforcement of each and every correct response |
| Discriminative Stimulus | Any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement |
| Edward Thorndike | 1874 - 1949; Discovered the law of effect and laid the groundwork for operant conditioning through his work with puzzle boxes |
| Edward Tolman | 1886 - 1959; Developed several theories of cognitive learning including the concept of latent learning |
| Extinction (Classical Conditioning) | In classical conditioning, the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus |
| Extinction (Operant Conditioning) | In operant conditioning, the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal of a reinforcer |
| Fixed Interval Ratio | Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same |
| Fixed Ratio | Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus |
