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| Albert Bandura | Known for his work on learning and personality theory. He conducted research on social learning, modeling, and observational learning of aggressive behavior with the famous Bobo doll experiment. He is also know for the social cognitive theory of personality, which explains how personal characteristics, social interactions, and cognitive evaluations are involved in developing an individual's personality. Important contributions from Bandura's research include reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy. |
| Alfred Binet | French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test used to evaluate mental abilities. He also introduced a new concept: mental age, or the score on an IQ test that indicates the typical age group an individual's score represents. Mental age provided a framework for comparing individuals, and Binet inferred that children with cognitive disabilities would have scores more typical of a child who was younger. |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | German psychologist most notable for his work on forgetting. Ebbinghaus studied how much individuals forgot over time and what types of techniques could be utilized to reduce forgetting. Important terms associated with him include nonsense syllables and the forgetting curve. |
| Howard Gardner | Known for his multiple intelligence theory consisting of specific intelligences that exist independently of each other. Currently there are 8 multiple intelligences: verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersoanl, and naturalist, with the possibility of more to come. |
| Elizabeth Loftus | Cognitive psychologist who demonstrated that memory is not as accurate as we believe it is; and that eyewitness testimony is unreliable because false memories or confabulations can be created easily through suggestion. She conducted classic research on the misinformation effect with the famous car crash experiment that showed that the way a question is worded can alter a person's memory. |
| Abraham Maslow | Humanist psychologist known for emphasizing healthy behavior. His hierarchy of needs theory of motivation arranges in order of importance a total of five needs including physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization. In this stage model of motivation, the needs at the bottom of the pyramid take precedence over the others. |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology for his investigation of the key components of classical conditioning with dogs. |
| B.F. Skinner | American behaviorist and infulential researcher in the area of operant conditioning, which involves how organisms learn voluntary responses. He stressed that reinforcements and punishments infulenced future behavior and that free will was an illusion. He created the operant chanber for studying operant learning concepts in animals. |
| Lewis Terman | Stanford University psychologist who translated and revised the original intelligence test created by Binet for use in the United States. The intelligence test is now known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. He also conducted a well-known longitudinal study of gifted children possessing IQ scores over 140. |
| John B. Watson | Americal psychologist and the father of behaviorism. He rejected introspection, believing instead that sdychology should only study observable, measurable behaviors that were the product of stimuli (events in one's environment). His research focused on how classical conditioning worked in humans, especially the development of classically conditioned fears with his famous study involving Little Albert. |
