| A | B |
|---|
| RNA | single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose |
| messenger RNA | typer of RNA that carries copies if instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
| ribosomal RNA | type of RNA thatcombines with proteins to form ribosomes |
| transfer RNA | typer of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis |
| transcription | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template |
| RNA polymerase | enzymer that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template |
| promoter | specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription |
| intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
| exon | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein |
| polypeptide | long chain of amino acids tht makes proteins |
| genetic code | collection of codins of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis |
| codon | group of three nulcetide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein |
| translation | process by which the sequence of abses of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein |
| anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA |
| gene expression | process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function |
| mutation | change in the genetic material of a cell |
| point mutation | gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| mutagen | chemical or physical agents in the environmet that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation |
| polyploidy | condition in which an prganism has extra sets of chromosomes |
| operon | in prokaryotes, a group of adjacent genes that share a common opperator and promoter and are transcribed into a single mRNA |
| operator | short DNA region, adjacent to the promoter of a prokaryotic operon, that binds repressor proteins responsible for controlling he rate of transcription of the operon |
| RNA interference | introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression |
| differentiation | process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
| homeotic gene | a class of regulatory genes that determine the identity of body parts and regions in an animal embryo, Mutations in these genes can transform one body part into another |
| homebox gene | the homebox is a DNA sequence of approximately 130 base pairs, found in many homeotic genes that regulate development. Genes containing this sequence are known as homeobox genes, and they code for transcription factors, proteins that bind to DNa, and they also regulate the expression of other genes. |
| Hox gene | a group of homeotic genes clustered together that determine the head to tail identity of body parts in animals. All hox genes contain the homeobox DNA sequence |
