| A | B |
|---|
| accommodation | responding to cognitively unbalancing information, adapting the schema to fit the new information & reestablishing cognitive balance |
| anal stage | Freudian stage 2-4 yrs during which pleasure is achieved from an awareness & control of urination & defecation |
| behaviorism | theory of conduct that regards normal & abnormal behaviors as the result of conditioned reflexes separate from the concept of will or choice |
| central traits | general prominent features most often descriptive of a person, some of which are seen in behaviors |
| concrete mental operations | stage of cognitive development in which a person engages in mental manipulations of internal images & tangible objects (Piaget) |
| conscious | being aware & having perception of the environment; having the ability to filter information through the mind with the awareness of doing so |
| conventional level | moral development in which decisions are based on the demands & pressures of society & the expectations of peers (Kohlberg) |
| defense mechanism | methods for protecting the ego from anxiety associated with controlling urges & restrictions of the id & superego |
| ego | component of the psyche that is the conscious self & that posseses consciousness & serves to mediate between id & superego or conscience (Freud) |
| Electra conflict | psychosexual stage: time in which a girl begins to feel romantic feelings for her father but fears the wrath of her mother (Freud) |
| equilibration | person seeks balance between information & experiences with existing modes of thoughts & schemes |
| formal operations | person can engage in mental manipulation of abstract ideas or symbols that may not have a specific concrete basis (Piaget) |
| genital stage | psychosexual stage that occurs as child enters puberty & adolescence (Freud) |
| hierarchy | ordering or classification of anything in descending order of importance or value |
| humanistic | developing person as a whole: physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual and socially |
| Id | obscure & inaccessible division of the psyche that serves as a collection of instinctual drives continually striving for satisfaction in accordance with the pleasure principle |
| interpersonal | concerning the relations & interactions between individuals |
| latency stage | psychosexual theory stage during middle childhood in which the sexual desires & feelings remain subdued (Freud) |
| level of differentiation | degree to which a person's intellect or emotions control his or her functioning |
| Oedipal conflict | time in which a boy begins to feel romantic feelings for his mother but fears the wrath of his father (Freud) |
| oral stage | during first 2 yrs, the child seeks pleasure from sucking & oral gratification of hunger (Freud) |
| personality | enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about oneself & the environment |
| personality traits | persistent ways in which we view & relate to other people & society as a whole |
| phallic stage | around age 4, child discovers pleasure in genital stimulation while also struggling to accept a sexual identity (Freud) |
| postconventional | moreal reasoning is guided by punishment & reward with a focus on avoiding punishment & obedience to authority w/o concern for the interests or feelings of others |
| preconscious | level of mind not present in consciousness, but able to be recalled at will |
| preconventional | individual recognizes importance of societal rules as a basis for behavior but may also follow internal moral principles that supersede these rules |
| preoperational | 2nd stage of cognitive delopment that is characterized by the development of internal mental representations or schema & verbal communication (Piaget) |
| pseudoself | the self a person presents to the world |
| psychosocial | related to both psychological & social factors |
| secondary traits | personality traits that have some bearing on a person's behavior but that are not particularly central to what the person does |
| sensorimotor | 1st stage of cognitive development in which individuals largely develop in terms of sensory input & motor output abilities with reflexive responses & gradually expanding to schema with purposeful actions (Piaget) |
| solid self | the self that includes the beliefs a person has about him- or herself & his or her environment as a result of life experiences |
| temperament | individual differences in the intensity & duration of emotions, including the characteristics of one's disposition |
| unconscious | level of consciousness at which thoughts, wishes & feelings are not retrievable to conscious awareness |
| repression | painful experiences, disagreeable memories, unacceptable thoughts or implulses are barred from consciousness |
| regression | the return to an earlier stage of development in thought, feeling or behavior |
| displacement | the discharge of emotions, feelings, or ideas on someone or something other than where the feelings rightly belong |
| reaction formation | occurs when someone expresses an attitude that is the direct opposite of wishes or feelings |
| rationalization | the attempt to make a behavior seem logical |
